Source Code, Object Code, and the Assembler C 68HC11 Instruction Set Example ○ Add the following numbers: ○ 68HC11 can add 2 bytes or 2 double
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[PDF] 68HC11 Instruction Set
Inherent addressing always deals with data or operands stored in registers not in memory Examples: Address Code Mnemonic Instruction Actions 0100 4F CLRA
[PDF] 68HC11 Programmers Reference Manual
gram examples distributed with the Motorola 68HC11 Reference Manual; any of the code examples stored on the anonymous ftp sites (see Section H) or
[PDF] 68HC11 Assembly Language Programming
code In the back of the Motorola 68HC11 programmer's handbook is a table of the operations are often placed back into a register; for example, an instruction
[PDF] 4 slides/page
Source Code, Object Code, and the Assembler C 68HC11 Instruction Set Example ○ Add the following numbers: ○ 68HC11 can add 2 bytes or 2 double
[PDF] 68HC11 Notes
30 oct 2006 · Motorola 68HC11 E1,E9 operating at 2 MHz E-clock 68HC11 EVBU Simulator Version 0 6 PySim11 Version 3 4 Sample Source Code
[PDF] Menu Computer Functional Block Diagram - University of Florida
Programming Model for the an example microprocessors (the See examples on web: μP Binary(Hex) Machine Codes 68HC11: $86 $0A G-CPU: $02 $0A
[PDF] Introduction to Microcontrollers
68HC11 most widely used • Used in C 8-bit condition code register Stores Example: LDAA $64 loads contents of memory address $0064 into AccA AccA
[PDF] 68HC11 microcontroller Activity board with Interactive - RobotShop
The AX-11 68HC11 Microcontroller Activity board is developed based-on User code will be stored in memory with back up circuit 2 5 1 A Quick C Tutorial
[PDF] Technicians Guide to 68HC11 Microcontrollerpdf
computer languages and provides some samples of how the code might read High-level languages are designed to be more removed from machine code and
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1 ENGG4640/3640; Fall 2004; Prepared by: Radu Muresan 1Programming
A.Assembly and Other Programming Lang.
B.Source Code, Object Code, and the Assembler
C.C Language for Microcontrollers
D.Fetch/Execute Operations of CPU
E.The Instruction Set and Addressing Modes
F.68HC11 Instruction Set
G.Microcontroller Arithmetic and the CCR
H.Program Flow Control Using Looping &
BranchingENGG4640/3640; Fall 2004; Prepared by: Radu Muresan 2Assembly and Other ProgrammingLanguages
Machine language: binary encoding of
instructions that are executed by a CPU each CPU has its own machine languageEx: %10000110; %01011010
Assembly language: machine instructions are
represented into a mnemonic form mnemonic form is then converted into actual processor instructions and associated dataEx: LDAA #$5A1000011001011010
ENGG4640/3640; Fall 2004; Prepared by: Radu Muresan 3Assembly and Other ProgrammingLanguages
Disadvantages of AL
require knowledge of the processor architecture and instruction set many instructions are required to achieve small tasks source programs tend to be large and difficult to followprograms are machine dependent => requiring complete rewriting if the hardware is changedENGG4640/3640; Fall 2004; Prepared by: Radu Muresan 4Assembly and Other Programming
Languages
High level languages
human like languagesEx: Basic, Pascal, FORTRAN, Ada, Cobol, C, Java
C: most common high-level language for
microcontroller developmentAdvantages
portable the source program is translated into machine code for each type of CPU What is different is the translator not the program 2 ENGG4640/3640; Fall 2004; Prepared by: Radu Muresan 5Programming
A.Assembly and Other Programming Lang.
B.Source Code, Object Code, and the Assembler
C.C Language for Microcontrollers
D.Fetch/Execute Operations of CPU
E.The Instruction Set and Addressing Modes
F.68HC11 Instruction Set
G.Microcontroller Arithmetic and the CCR
H.Program Flow Control Using Looping & Branching
ENGG4640/3640; Fall 2004; Prepared by: Radu Muresan 6Source Code, Object Code, and the
Assembler
Machine language
Assembly language
Examples
Manual assembly
The simulator
ENGG4640/3640; Fall 2004; Prepared by: Radu Muresan 7Source Code, Object Code, and the
Assembler
Source code
Represents original program before it is translatedStored as a file
Assembly program applications are more efficient
than one written in a high level languagesEfficiency
refers to code size, execution size, energy consumption ENGG4640/3640; Fall 2004; Prepared by: Radu Muresan 8Machine Language
Machine language
can directly control the microcontroller's resourcesEx: LDAA #$5A
Code must be stored in memory
$E000: $86 $E001: $5AFetch/Execute Cycle
3 ENGG4640/3640; Fall 2004; Prepared by: Radu Muresan 9Machine Language
Instruction: opcode; operand
Opcode specifies the type of operation
68HC11 uses 1-byte and 2-bytes opcodes
2-byte opcodes are composed of a prebyte
followed by the real opcodeOperand tells the CPU what data to operate on
An instruction may have 0, 1, 2 or 3 operand bytes ENGG4640/3640; Fall 2004; Prepared by: Radu Muresan 10Assembly Language
Assembly language programs use mnemonics
and are typed using a text editorMachine code must be stored in memory
ORG $E000
LDAA # $ 5AMnemonic that
specifies the start address of a programMnemonicImmediateHexOperand
ENGG4640/3640; Fall 2004; Prepared by: Radu Muresan 11Assembly Language
Text Editor
Assembly
Source Code
Relocatable
Object Format
Hex Code
Assembler
LinkerAssembly
Language
Development
System
ENGG4640/3640; Fall 2004; Prepared by: Radu Muresan 12Assembly Language
Why do we need a linker?
one writes the source code in smaller sections the linker helps to develop large applicationsLine assemblers
translate source code directly into machine codeDisassembler
translating program that reverses the machine code into the assembly source code 4 ENGG4640/3640; Fall 2004; Prepared by: Radu Muresan 13Examples
controllerCoolantTemperaturePROGRAM:
a. read input b. subtract an offset c. store the result * Assembly language programORG $E000
LDAA $1031 orLDAA COOLANT_TEMP
SUBA #$20 orSUBA #CT_OFFSET
STAA $D004 orSTAA STORE_TEMP
ENGG4640/3640; Fall 2004; Prepared by: Radu Muresan 14Examples
The labels are assigned using assembler directives:COOLANT_TEMP EQU $1031
CT_OFFSET EQU $20
STORE_TEMP EQU $D004
ENGG4640/3640; Fall 2004; Prepared by: Radu Muresan 15Manual Assembly
Using the manual of the instruction set summary
we can convert source code into hex codeBy convention machine code is always hex
LDAA 1031
SUBA #20
STAA D004
E000: B6 10 31
E003: 80 20
E005: B7 D0 04
address ENGG4640/3640; Fall 2004; Prepared by: Radu Muresan 16The Simulator
A microcontroller simulator is a software tool
that permits users to simulate the operation of a microcontroller The book contains the demo version of the THRSim 11 5 ENGG4640/3640; Fall 2004; Prepared by: Radu Muresan 17Programming
A.Assembly and Other Programming Lang.
B.Source Code, Object Code, and the Assembler
C.C Language for Microcontrollers
D.Fetch/Execute Operations of CPU
E.The Instruction Set and Addressing Modes
F.68HC11 Instruction Set
G.Microcontroller Arithmetic and the CCR
H.Program Flow Control Using Looping & Branching
ENGG4640/3640; Fall 2004; Prepared by: Radu Muresan 18C Language for Microcontrollers
High level languages
compiled languages interpretedWhy C is popular?
combines the best of both, the high-level language and the assembly language has features to allow direct control of I/O which is very important for microcontroller applicationsDesign Program
Write the C source code
Compile the program
to produce object codeLink the object code
C Library
ENGG4640/3640; Fall 2004; Prepared by: Radu Muresan 19C Language for Microcontrollers
Most C compilers for microcontrollers follow
the early standard defined by Kernigham andRitchie in 1978
Normally the assembly language created by the C compiler is less efficient however, using C the development of large applications is
easier ENGG4640/3640; Fall 2004; Prepared by: Radu Muresan 20