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info@scienceprofonline.comImage: Prokaryotic Replication, U.S.
National Library of Medicine
Microbial
Genetics
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.comNucleic Acids
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.comMade of monomer building blocks called
nucleotides.Image: Nucleotide Structure, Wikipedia
Nucleic Acids: DNA Structure
Images: Model of DNA Molecule, Field Museum, Chicago, T. Port; DNADetail Diagram: Madprime; DNA & RNA Diagrams, BiologyCornerFrom the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
ProkaryoteGenetics
¾Q: What is the specific name for the prokaryotes chromosome?¾DNAfloats freely within cytoplasm.
¾Prokaryotic DNAis packaged
(coiled)differently than eukaryoticDNA. That is why some antibiotics can target prokaryotic nucleic acid while not hurting the DNA of our cells (selective toxicity).
¾Q: Prokaryotic DNA may be found in what other structure? From the Virtual Microbiology Classroomon ScienceProfOnline.comImage: Prokaryotic cell diagram: M. Ruiz,
Bacterial conjugation, Adenosine
EukaryoteGenetics
¾Like prokaryotes, insofar as genome is also made of DNA. ¾May include several to many linear chromosomes within a membrane-bound nucleus.Q: How many chromosomes do humans have?
¾Two locations of eukaryotic DNA
1. Nuclear DNA
2. ExtranuclearDNA
Q: Where is the extranuclearDNA located in eukaryotic cells?Image: Spectral karyotype, Jane Ades, NHGRI
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroomon ScienceProfOnline.comGenetic Material of Viruses
¾Show more variety in nature of their genomes than do cells.¾Can be DNA or RNA; never both.
¾Primary way scientists categorize and classify viruses.¾Can be dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, ssRNA.
¾May be linear and composed of several segments or single and circular.¾Much smaller than genomes of cells.
Images: DNA & RNA Diagrams, BiologyCorner
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.comCopying DNA
¾Process of copying DNA is
called replication.¾7OLQN ´GXSOLŃMPLRQµB
¾Happens in all types of cells, prokaryotesand eukaryotes.¾Q: Why would a cell need to copy its DNA?
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroomon ScienceProfOnline.comImage: Replication Diagram: Madprime
Images: Binary Fission, JW Schmidt, Animation
of binary fission, Brian ZablockyProkaryote Genetics²Cell Division
After the genetic material is
copied, the prokaryotic cell divides; a process called binary fission, in which two identical daughter cells arise from one parent cell. From the Virtual Microbiology Classroomon ScienceProfOnline.com From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroomon ScienceProfOnline.comEukaryote Genetics²Cell Division
Image: Types of Cell Division, SaperaudWiki
REVIEW!
Animated
lesson on CellDivision
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.comImages: Binary Fission, JW Schmidt, Types of
Cell Division, SaperaudWiki
Nucleic Acid
Function
Gene Expression:
Transcription & Translation
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroomon ScienceProfOnline.comNucleic Acids: RNA Structure
¾RNAis typically a single-
stranded molecule.¾Q: What base does RNA
have that DNA GRHVQ·P have?¾Q: What base does DNA
ŃRQPMLQ POMP 51$ GRHVQ·P
have?Image: RNA, Biology Corner
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroomon ScienceProfOnline.com )LUVP POLQJ PR GR LQ PMNLQJ M SURPHLQ"Make RNA, a process called transcription.
Process by which a DNA sequence is copied to produce a complementary RNA. In other words, it is the transfer of genetic information from DNA into RNA.Like replication, but we are making RNA.
Beginning of the process that ultimately leads to the translation of the genetic code (via mRNA) into a peptide or protein.
Image: Transcription, National Human Genome Research Institute.From the Virtual Microbiology Classroomon ScienceProfOnline.com
Types of RNA
Genetic information copied from DNA
is transferred to 3 types of RNA:messenger(mRNA)is like a
Copy of information in DNA that is brought to
the ribosome where the information is translated into a protein.ribosomal(rRNA)is like a
The protein factories of the cells.
transfer(tRNA) are like a
Brings the amino acidto the ribosome.
Images: Blueprint, clipart; Factory, Andreas Praefcke; Truck, PRA; Ribosome translating protein, Xvazquez. From the Virtual Microbiology Classroomon ScienceProfOnline.com Use the instructions delivered by RNA to make a protein molecule, a process called translation. Ribosomes (Q: Which contain what type of RNA?)make proteins from the messages encoded in mRNA.The genetic instructions for a
in the DNAas a series ofcodon on mRNA
anti-codonon tRNA
This is the genetic code.
Q: Where does translation
occur in prokaryotes?Q: Eukaryotes?
Image: Codon-Anticodon pairing, Yikrazuul, Wiki; Peptide Synthesis Diagram: Boumphreyfr, Wiki; ; Ribosome translating protein, Xvazquez.Anti-codon
CodonNext thing to do in making M SURPHLQ"
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroomon ScienceProfOnline.comClick herefor
animation of a ribosome building a protein. Gene Expression:Transcription & TranslationOverviewREVIEW
Interactive
animation that allows you to transcribe and translate a gene!Gene Expression in Microbes
¾Section of DNA (a gene) being transcribed & translated to produce a protein.¾Genes can be turned on and off.
¾Understanding of how microbial genes are expressed (turned on and off) can help us control disease-causing bacteria. From the Virtual Microbiology Classroomon ScienceProfOnline.comUsing Gene Expression to Control Disease
Staphylococcus&Antibiotic Resistance
Many strains of Staphylococcusare now resistant to penicillin.One bacterial proteinthat confers penicillin
resistance is called beta-lactamase. Beta-lactamase is an enzyme that cuts up and deactivates penicillin. Gene for beta-lactamase only expressed (turned on) in the presence of penicillin.When the bacteria is not exposed to penicillin, that gene is turned off and no beta-lactamase is made.
Understanding how beta-lactamase gene is turned on/off, can help us to design a drug to disable that JHQH·V H[SUHVVLRQ PXUQ RII POH JHQH PMNLQJ penicillin-resistant strains of Staphagain vulnerable to penicillin.
Images: Gram stain of Staphylococcus, T.Port; Enzyme Beta- lactamase, J. Swaminathan & MSD staff, Europeanquotesdbs_dbs4.pdfusesText_8