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P R E F A C E Education is a process of development which includes the three major activities, teaching, training and instruction. Teaching is social as well as a professional activity. It is science as well as art. Modern education is not in a sphere but it has a long and large area of study. Now a days most part of the world population is facing different problems related with the na ture and they are studying the solutions to save the nature and global proble ms, but on the second hand we even today do not try to understand our local problems related to the nature. So for the awareness of the problems of nature and pollution the higher education commission has suggested to add the Environmental Science in the course of different levels. Environmental Science is also well known as Environmental Studies in the Indian Colleges and Universities. Before that it was the part of the science but now a days it is a very common subject and higher education commission has suggested including it as a general paper in all the cour ses. Awareness in the field of environmental sciences is becoming a global talk. People worldwide are realizing its importance as they are able to smell a Polluted tomorrow. Careful handling of todays' environment would only serve as a legacy for tomorrows' generation. Hence, we need to b e judicious in exploiting our resources optimally. To ensure a sustainable development we need to know something about how our environment works. Environment can be defined as the set of conditions that surround an organism or the complex of socio cultural condition that affect an individual. Environmental Science is the systematic, scientific study of the environment in combination with living organisms. Most of the universities have introduced this new content as course of Environmental Science or Environmental Studies/Environmental Science in B.Ed. Course. The present book has been written by including some content of print and non-print media. Now this book is especially f or modified syllabus of B.T.C./B.Ed./ M.Ed. of Indian & Foreign Universities/ Training Institute & Education Colleges Recognized by National Council o f
Teacher Education, New Delhi.
The author has consulted several books in designing, organizing and preparing the script of this book. I express my sense of gratitude to al l sources which have been used directly or indirect1y for the instructiona l material and the sequence. The credit goes to my well-wisher, who has P R E F A C E helped me in this attempt. I warmly acknowledge her assistance extended to me. The practical suggestions for the improvement and modification of instructional material and sequence for the text are most welcomed in this hope that book will prove useful to students and educators.
Dr. Y. K. Singh
AA-39, Suryodaya Vihar
Ansal Colony, Shastri Nagar
Kutti Chopla, Near PVC Mall, Meerut,
Uttar Pradesh, India
E-mail: yksingh1@rediffmail.com(vi)
CONTENTS
Prefecev
1. Environmental Science: Definition, Scope and Importance 1
2. Environmental Science: Natural Resources 10
3. Environmental Science: Ecosystem 108
4. Environmental Science: Biodiversity and Conservation 137
5. Environmental Science: Pollution and its Factors161
6. Environmental Science: Social Issues192
7. Environmental Science: Human Population and Environment220
8. Environmental Science: Field Trip246
9. Environmental Science: Modern Methods256
10. Environmental Science: Modern Library280
11. Environmental Science: Modern and Effective Teacher289
Glossary301
Reference310
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INTRODUCTION
The science of Environment studies is a multi-disciplinary science becau se it comprises various branches of studies like chemistry, physics, medical science, li fe science, agriculture, public health, sanitary engineering etc. It is the science of physical p henomena in the environment. It studies of the sources, reactions, transport, effect and fate of physical a biological species in the air, water and soil and the effect of from h uman activity upon these.
Environment Explained
Literary environment means the surrounding external conditions influenci ng development or growth of people, animal or plants; living or working con ditions etc. This involves three questions:
1. What is Surrounded
The answer to this question is living objects in general and man in part icular.
2. By what Surrounded
The physical attributes are the answer to this question, which become en vironment. In fact, the concern of all education is the environment of man. However, m an cannot exist or be understood in isolation from the other forms of life and from plant l ife. Hence, environment refers to the sum total of condition, which surround point in space and time. The scope of the term Environment has been changing and widening by the passage of ti me. In the primitive age, the environment consisted of only physical aspects of the planted earth' land, air and water as biological communities. As the time passed on man exten ded his environment through his social, economic and political functions.
3. Where Surrounded
The answer to this question. It is in nature that physical component of the plant earth, viz land, air, water etc., support and affect life in the biosphere. Acc ording to a Goudie 1
CHAPTER
Environmental Science :
Definition, Scope and Importance
1
2ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
environment is the representative of physical components of the earth wh ere in man is an important factor affecting the environment. (i)Definitions of Environment : Some important definitions of environment are as under:
1.Boring: 'A person's environment consists of the sum total of the stimulat
ion which he receives from his conception until his death.' It can be concluded from the above definition that Environment comprises various types of forces such as physical, intellectual, economic, politi cal, cultural, social, moral and emotional. Environment is the sum total of a ll the external forces, influences and conditions, which affect the life, nature, behaviour and the growth, development and maturation of living organisms.
2.Douglas and Holland: 'The term environment is used to describe, in the
aggregate, all the external forces, influences and conditions, which aff ect the life, nature, behaviour and the growth, development and maturity of livi ng organisms.' (ii)Scope of Environment: The environment consists of four segments as under:
1.Atmosphere: The atmosphere implies the protective blanket of gases,
surrounding the earth: (a) It sustains life on the earth. (b) It saves it from the hostile environment of outer space. (c) It absorbs most of the cosmic rays from outer space and a major portion of the electromagnetic radiation from the sun. (d) It transmits only here ultraviolet, visible, near infrared radiation (3
00 to 2500
nm) and radio waves. (0.14 to 40 m) while filtering out tissue-damagi ng ultra- violate waves below about 300 nm. The atmosphere is composed of nitrogen and oxygen. Besides, argon, carbo n dioxide, and trace gases.quotesdbs_dbs18.pdfusesText_24
Environmental Science