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Handbook on European law

relating to the rights of the child HANDBOOKHandbook on European law relating to the rights of the child

FRA/ECtHR

© European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights and Council of Europe, 2015 The manuscript for this handbook was completed in June 2015. Updates will become available in future on the FRA website at fra.europa.eu, the Council of Europe website at http://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/thematic-work/children-rights, and on the European Court of Human Rights website under the Case-Law menu at echr.coe.int. Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged.

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Printed in Luxembourg

P PCF This handbook was drafted in English. The Council of Europe (CoE) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) take no responsibility for the quality of the translations into other languages. The views expressed in this handbook do not bind the CoE and the ECtHR. The handbook refers to aselection of commentaries and manuals. The CoE and ECtHR take no responsibility for their content, nor does their inclusion on this list amount to any form of endorsement of these publications. Further publications are listed on the internet pages of the ECtHR library at echr.coe.int, and more resource materials can be found at coe.int/children

Handbook on European law

relating to the rights of the child 3

Foreword

This handbook on European law relating to the rights of the child is jointly prepared by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) and the Council of Europe together with the Registry of the European Court of Human Rights. It is the fourth in aseries of handbooks on European law jointly prepared by our organisations. Previous handbooks were dedicated to European law relating to non-discrimination law, asylum, borders and immigration, and data protection. We embarked on this new joint project in the context of the celebrations of the th anniversary of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child - which all European states have ratified - to shed light on the role of European legal standards in securing the enjoyment by children of their universal rights. Children are full-edged holders of rights. This handbook thus aims to raise awareness and improve the knowledge of the legal standards that protect and promote these rights in Europe. The Treaty on European Union (TEU) sets forth the Union's obligation to promote the protection of the rights of the child. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (EU), EU regulations and directives, as well as the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU), have contributed to further determining the protection of the rights of children. In the Council of Europe, alarge number of conventions focus on specific as- pects of the protection of the rights of the child, ranging from their rights and safety in cyberspace to the adoption of children. These conventions contribute to enriching the protection granted to children under the European Convention on Human Rights and the European Social Charter, including the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the decisions of the Euro- pean Committee of Social Rights (ECSR). This handbook is designed for non-specialist legal professionals, judges, public prosecutors, child protection authorities, and other practitioners and organi- sations responsible for ensuring the legal protection of the rights of the child. We would like to thank Prof.Ton Liefaard, LL.M. Simona Florescu, JD. Margaret Fine, Prof. Karl Hanson, Prof.Ursula Kilkelly, Dr.Roberta Ruggiero, Prof.Helen Stalford and Prof.Wouter Vandenhole for their contribution in drafting this handbook. We would also like to thank all those who provided input and support throughout its preparation.

SneŽana SamardŽić-Marković

Director General of Democracy

Council of Europe Michael O'Flaherty

Director of the European Union

Agency for Fundamental Rights

5

Contents

FOREWORD ........................................................................

ACRONYMS

HOW TO USE THIS HANDBOOK

? INT RODUCTION TO EUROPEAN CHILDREN'S RIGHTS LAW:

CONTEXT AND KEY PRINCIPLES

?.?. Cor e concepts .......................................................................

Key point

?.?.?. Sc ope of European children's rights law ...................................?ć

?.?.?. ‘C hild' as aholder of rights .........................................................?ć

?.?. Ba ckground to European children's rightslaw .....................................?Ž ?.?.?. Eu ropean Union: development of children's rights law and the areas of protection covered ........................................?? ?.?.?. Co uncil of Europe: development of children's rights law and the areas of protection covered ........................................?? ?.?. Eu ropean children's rights law and the UN Convention on the Rights of theChild .......................................................................

Key point

?.?. Ro le of the European courts in interpreting and enforcing European children'srights ......................................................................?? ?.?.?. Th e Court of Justice of the EuropeanUnion ............................?? ?.?.?. Th e European Court of Human Rights ......................................?? ?.?. Eu ropean Committee of Social Rights ...................................................?? ? BA SIC CIVIL RIGHTS ANDFREEDOMS ................................................................?? ?.?. Fre edom of thought, conscience and religion ......................................??

Key points

?.?.?. Th e child's right to freedom of religion ....................................?? ?.?. Pa rents' rights and the freedom of religion of their children ............?ć ?.?. Fre edom of expression and information ...............................................?Ž

Key points

?.?. Ri ght to be heard .......................................................................

Key points

?.?. Ri ght to freedom of assembly and association ..................................??

Key points

6 ? EQ UALITY AND NONDISCRIMINATION ............................................................?ć ?.?. Eu ropean non-discriminationlaw .........................................................??

Key points

?.?. Non -discrimination based on race or ethnic origin .............................??

Key points

?.?. Non -discrimination based on nationality and immigrationstatus.......?? Key points ....................................................................... ?.?. Non -discrimination based on age .........................................................??

Key point

?.?. No n-discrimination based on other protected grounds .....................?ć

Key point

? PE RSONAL IDENTITY ISSUES ....................................................................... ?.?. Bi rth registration and the right to aname ............................................??

Key point

?.?. Ri ght to personal identity .......................................................................

Key points

?.?.?. Es tablishing paternity .................................................................?? ?.?.?. Es tablishing maternity: anonymous birth ...............................?? ?.?. Es tablishing one's origin: adoption .......................................................?? ?.?. Id entity theft .......................................................................

Key point

?.?. Ri ght to citizenship .......................................................................

Key points

?.?. Id entity of children belonging to national minorities ........................ć?

Key point

? FA MILY LIFE ........................................................................

?.?. Ri ght to respect for family life ................................................................ć?

Key points

?.?. Ri ght of the child to be cared for by his/her parents ..........................ć?

Key points

?.?. Ri ght to maintain contact with both parents .......................................ć?

Key points

?.?. Im proper removal of children across borders — child abduction .......?? Key points ....................................................................... 7 ? AL TERNATIVE CARE TO FAMILYCARE AND ADOPTION .................................Ž?

?.?. Al ternative care: general principles ......................................................Ž?

Key points

?.?. Pl acing children in alternative care .......................................................ŽŽ

Key points

?.?. Adoption .......................................................................

Key points

ć CH ILD PROTECTION AGAINST VIOLENCE AND EXPLOITATION .....................??? ć.?. Vi olence at home, in schools or other settings..................................???

Key points

ć.?.?. Sc ope of state responsibility ....................................................??? ć.?.?. Cor poral punishment .................................................................??? ć.?.?. Se xual abuse ....................................................................... ć.?.?. Do mestic violence and child neglect ......................................??? ć.?. Ch ild exploitation, pornography and grooming .................................???

Key points

ć.?.?. Fo rced labour ....................................................................... ć.?.?. Child trafficking ....................................................................... ć.?.?. Ch ild pornography and grooming ............................................??? ć.?. Hi gh risk groups .......................................................................

Key point

ć.?.?. Ch ildren belonging to aminority .............................................??? ć.?.?. Ch ildren with disabilities ...........................................................??? ć.?. Mi ssing children ....................................................................... ? EC ONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURALRIGHTS AND ADEQUATE STANDARD OF LIVING ....................................................................... ?.?. Ap proaches to economic, social and cultural rights .........................??Ž

Key points

?.?. Ri ght to education........................................................................

Key points

?.?.?. Ri ght to education of migrant children ...................................??? ?.?. Ri ght to health .......................................................................

Key points

?.?. Ri ght to housing ........................................................................

Key points

8 ?.?. Ri ght to an adequate standard of living and right to social security .......................................................................

Key points

Ž MI GRATION AND ASYLUM ....................................................................... Ž.?. En try and residence .......................................................................

Key points

Ž.?. Ag e assessment .......................................................................

Key points

Ž.?. Fa mily reunification for separated children ........................................???

Key points

Ž.?. Detention .......................................................................

Key points

Ž.?. Ex pulsion .......................................................................

Key points

Ž.?. Ac cess to justice .......................................................................

Key point

?? CO NSUMER AND PERSONALDATAPROTECTION ..........................................??? ??.?. Pr otection of children as consumers ...................................................???

Key points

??.?.?. Con sumer rights ....................................................................... ??.?.?. Un fair commercial practices on children ................................??? ??.?.?. Pr oducts' safety ....................................................................... ??.?.?. Cl inical trials on children ............................................................??? ??.?.?. Fo od intended for infants and young children ......................??ć ??.?.?. To y safety ........................................................................ ??.?.ć. Ch ildren and advertising ...........................................................??? ??.?. Ch ildren and personal data protection ................................................??Ž

Key points

??.?.?. Eu ropean data protection law ..................................................??Ž ?? CH ILDREN'S RIGHTS WITHINCRIMINAL JUSTICE AND ALTERNATIVENONJUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS ...............................................?Ž? ??.?. Fa ir trial guarantees .......................................................................

Key points

??.?.?. Ef fective participation ..............................................................??? ??.?.?. Ac cess to alawyer ....................................................................??? 9 ??.?. Ri ghts of young offenders in relation to detention ..........................???

Key points

??.?.?. Fo rms of detention (substantive and procedural guarantees) ....................................................................... ??.?.?. Con ditions of detention ............................................................??Ž ??.?.?. Pr otection against abuse and ill-treatment ...........................??? ??.?. Pr otection of child victims and witnesses ..........................................???

Key point

FURTHER READING

CASE LAW

HOW TO FIND CASE LAW OFTHEEUROPEAN COURTS

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS REFERENCED

UN legal instruments

CoE legal instruments

EU legal instruments

11

Acronyms

CJEU Court of Justice of the European Union (prior to December ,

European Court of Justice, ECJ)

CoE Council of Europe

CPT European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment

CRC United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child

CRD Consumer Rights Directive

CRPD United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

ECHR Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (commonly known as European Convention on Human

Rights, ECHR)

ECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social Council

ECtHR European Court of Human Rights

ECPT European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman and

Degrading Treatment or Punishment

ECSR European Committee of Social Rights

EEA European Economic Area

EEC European Economic Community

ESC European Social Charter

EU European Union

FCNM Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

FRA European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights

GC Grand Chamber (of the European Court of Human Rights)

GPSD Directive on General Product Safety

GRETA Group of Experts on Action against Trafcking in Human Beings ICCPR United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 12 ICERD International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial

Discrimination

ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

ILO International Labour Organization

PACE Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe

TCN Third-country nationals

TEU Treaty on European Union

TFEU Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

TSD Directive on the safety of toys

UCPD Directive concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market

UN United Nations

UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 13

How to use this handbook

This handbook provides an overview of the fundamental rights of children in the European Union(EU) and the Council of Europe(CoE) member states. It is broad in scope. It acknowledges children as beneciaries of all human/funda- mental rights, as well as subjects of special regulation given their specic char- acteristics. Children's rights is across-sectorial field of law. In this handbook the emphasis is on the areas of law which are of specific importance to children. This handbook is designed to assist legal practitioners who are not specialised in the field of children's rights. It is intended for lawyers, judges, prosecu- tors, social workers and others working with national authorities, as well as non-go vernmental organisations(NGOs) and other bodies that may be con- fronted with legal questions relating to these subjects. It is apoint of reference on both EU and CoE law related to these subject areas, explaining how each issue is regulated under EU law as well as under the European Convention on Human Rights(ECHR), the European Social Charter(ESC) and other instruments of the CoE. Each chapter first includes asingle table of applicable law under the two separate European legal systems. Then the law under each system is pre- sented consecutively in relation to each topic covered. This allows the reader to see where the two legal systems converge and where they differ. Where relevant, there are also references to the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of the Child(CRC) and other international instruments. Practitioners in non-EU states that are member states of the CoE and thereby parties to the ECHR can access the information relevant to their own country by going straight to the CoE sections. Practitioners in EU MemberStates will need to use both sections as those states are bound by both legal orders. For readers who need more information on aparticular issue, alist of references to more specialised material can be found in the ‘Further reading' section of the handbook. ECHR law is presented through short references to selected European Court of Human Rights(ECtHR) cases related to the handbook topic covered. These have been chosen from existing ECtHR judgments and decisions on children's rights issues. EU law is found in legislative measures that have been adopted, in relevant provisions of the Treaties and in particular in the Charter of Fundamental Rights 14 Handbook on European law relating to the rights of the child of the European Union, as interpreted in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union(CJEU - known before December ???Ž as the European

Court of Justice(ECJ)).

The case law described or cited in this handbook provides examples of an important body of both ECtHR and CJEU case law. The handbook includes, as far as possible given its limited scope and introductory nature, legal developments until ?January????, although later developments have also been included when possible. The handbook includes an introductory chapter, which briefly explains the role of the two legal systems as established by CoE and EU law, and contains ??substantive chapters covering the following issues: ci vil rights and freedoms; equality; pe rsonal identity issues; fa mily life; al ternative care and adoption; ch ild protection against violence and exploitation; ec onomic, social and cultural rights; mi gration and asylum; co nsumer and data protection; ch ildren's rights within criminal justice and alternative proceedings. Each chapter covers adistinct subject while cross-references to other topics and chapters provide afuller understanding of the applicable legal framework. Key points are presented at the beginning of each section. 15

EUIssues coveredCoE

Free Movement Directive

(//EC), Article()(c)‘Child' as afiholder of rightsConvention on Action against

Trafcking in Human Beings,

Article(d)

Convention on the Protection of

Children against Sexual Exploita-

tion and Sexual Abuse (Lan- zarote Convention), Article(a)

ECtHR,

Marckx v. Belgium,

No./, (the applicant

child was six years old when the

Court delivered judgment)

Young Workers Directive

(//EC), ArticleProtection of young people at workESC (revised), Article (right of children and young persons to protection)

Charter of Fundamental Rights,

Article() (right to education)Right to receive

free compulsory education

Charter of Fundamental Rights,

Article?? (non-discrimination)

Prohibition of

discrimination on grounds offiage

Charter of Fundamental Rights,

Article (prohibition of child

labour and protection of young people at work)

Directive on combating the

sexual abuse and sexual ex- ploitation of children and child pornography (//EU)

Anti-Tr afficking Directive

(????/??/EU)Prohibition of exploitative child labourESC (revised), Article (right of children and young persons to protection)

Introduction to European

children's rights law: context and key principles 16 Handbook on European law relating to the rights of the child

EUIssues coveredCoE

Charter of Fundamental Rights,

Article (rights of the child)

Treaty on European Union,

Article()Protection of

children's rights (general)

Charter of Fundamental Rights,

Article (respect for private and

family life)Right to respect for private and family lifeECHR, Article (right to respect for private and familylife)

Convention on the Legal Status

quotesdbs_dbs20.pdfusesText_26