Ⅰ Each end-point have a worldwide unique address that can be used to reach it on the net (ipv4,ipv6 addressing) Ⅰ Each packet follows its own route through
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S
Everything is digital...
How to transmits on the net and live happily
Data coding
S Digital computers can handle only binary signals: sequences of 0 and 1 (bit = binary digit) S In order to transform data by digital computers, it needs to digitalize data, i.e. transform real samples (images, sound, etc.) into sequences of bits, packed for technological and hostorical reasons into group of 8 bit, called bytes. S The meaning of a sequence is given by the format used to code and interpreter the sequence, eg. ASCII, bitmap, mp3.
0100.0010 0011.1100 0100.0010 ASCII codes 66 60 66 Characters "B Digitalization
S Digitalization process loss informations due to the fact that you are taking only a finite sampled rappresentation of the original analog data.
S After digitalization, the information is expressed by a sequence of bits and code by some format that can contains some redoundance. By loss-less compression tecniques you can srink your data near to the teoretical minimal amount of bits needs to represent it (for eg. png format).
S Accepting some loose of information, by a loss compression tecniques, you can obtain a more srinked version respect to the teoretical limit (for eg. jpeg format for images) .
S Coding Text
Bit, Byte, ASCII, UTF-8,...
S Bit: BInary digiT, a flag that can assume two values, 0 or 1. S Byte: 8 bits, the "atom" of the information on PCs. S ASCII: a way to code char with 7 bits, ex: 010.0000 means 100.0000 means '@' 100.0100 100.1111 100.0111 means "DOG"
S try on google "ASCII TABLE"
S UTF-8: a way to code a lot of char with 1 to 4 bytes: S try on google "UTF-8"
S Coding Images
bitmap From pixels to images
bitmap 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
From pixels to images
bitmap 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
From pixels to images
Coloring is Addictive
S All (visible) colors are combination of Red, Green, Blue red dominant blue dominant RGB Color Channels
RGB image Red Chanel Green Chanel Blue Chanel
Resolution and Color Depth
S Resolution: number of pixel composing the image: S 1024 column x 768 rows = 786.432 pixel
S Color Depth: number of bit used for pixel color: S Black And White: 1 bit/pixel
S 1=black S 0=white
S True color: 24bit/pixel (8 for red, 8 for green, 8 for blue) S 0000.0000 0000.0000 0000.0000 = black S 0000.0000 1111.1111 0000.0000 = green S 1111.1111 1111.1111 1111.1111 = white
Coding color with RGB
S RGB: color is a combination of Red, Green and Blue, (notation based on human perception and oriented to monitor devices)
S Each visible color can be obtained by addictively mix the basic color components Red, Green and Blue with a given ratio. S The combination ratio can be expressed by 3-ple of numbers: S try: https://www.w3schools.com/colors/colors_rgb.asp S The set of the possible component values defines our capacity to express color variations (color depth) S Try on Google: "RGB table"
Color Depth vs Size
S An example of B/W image with different gray-scale palette Resolution:512x512 Color depth: 8bit Image size: 262144 bytes Resolution:512x512 Color depth: 10 bit Image Size: 327680 bytes Resolution:512x512 Color depth: 16bit Image size: 524288 bytes
Other Color Spaces
S There are other many way to "code" colors; a short list: S HSV and HSL: color is a combination of Hue, Saturation and (V)brightness/L uminance (notation oriented to color perception, image manipulation) S CMYK: color is a combination of Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, blacK, oriented to print process by ink. S RAL: used in industries.
Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses S Coding Sounds
time Air pressure Sampling and the Nyquist rule
Nyquist rule
"In order t sample a looped signal, it is necessary t use a sampling rat of at least twice te maximum signal fequency"
Example: S sampling at CD quality: 44khz S Max audible frequency: 20khz S Coding Codes
Coding for humans
S Hi-Level language programs can be coded as text: /* Hello World C-Language program */ #include main() { printf("Hello World\n"); }
Coding for (not so) humans
S Low-Level language Language programs are also text: /* Disassembled piece from hello.c */ /* in Assembly Language .... 4000561: sub %r12,%rbp : xor %ebx,%ebx : sar $0x3,%rbp : sub $0x8,%rbp ....
Coding for CPU
S CPU languages are made by sequence of bytes: /* Byte Code piece from hello.c */ .... 4000561: 4c 29 e5 : 31 db : 48 c1 fd 03 : 48 83 ec 08 ....
Digitalization: the new world
S The digitization of the contents has allowed the automatic processing and transmission over long distances and the low-cost conservation of knowledge data data result Digitalization computer data S The Net
"Just think about it. Our whole world is sitting there on a computer." Angela Bennett
Packet Transmission on the Net
S Internet is self-organized meshed network.
S Internet transmits data by divide it in small packets of bytes. S Each end-point have a worldwide unique address that can
be used to reach it on the net (ipv4,ipv6 addressing) S Each packet follows its own route through the net by jump from one node to another; the jump directions are locally decided by the traversing nodes in a best-effort logic.
S The target node have the duty to reconstruct the sequence (if need). Internet
1.1.1.1 1.1.1.2 159.149.129.213 8.8.8.8
Adressing nodes: IPv4 and IPv6
S Each public node on the have its own unique address S Each node on the net have a route for any possible destination; these routes are self-discovered and refreshed. S IPv4 address are in the form of: ... for eg. 159.149.129.213 S Every possible IPv4 address has been already assigned to
someone. Due to this problem, it has been proposed a new addressing schema, IPv6: S 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042:8329
Transmission Control Protocol
S Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): permits to establish stable conversations. TCP session
S TCP use a number fro 0 to 65535 to identify services and client program inside node S A TCP cornversation between two node is identified by the session: client ip address TCP port used by the browser server ip address TCP port used by the HTTP web server 1.1.1.1 : 45832 : 159.149.129.213 : 80
User Datagram Protocol
S User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a protocol for conversation in which the delivery of every packet and the reconstruction of the correct sending sequence is not mandatory.
S It use the same TCP schema for identify a conversation: ::: S Because there are less overhead informationi respect to TCP,
it permits a more efficient transmission. Domain Name System
S The Domain Name System permits (among other stuff) to resolve symbolic name into IPv4 address S Any existing domain is resolved by a dedicated server; DNS servers are organised in a hierarchical schema. S When a client needs to resolve a name, it query its own configured DNS server
ns.unimi.it 159.149.10.1 Doman: unimi.it ..... grid003.ricerca.di.unimi.it à 159.149.129.213 marchi.ricerca.di.unimi.it à159.149.129.213 ....
Hyper Text Transport Protocol
S Hyper Text Transport Protocol (HTTP) and its secure versione (HTTPS) permit to transfert information between browser and a web server.
S The server TCP port is used to select a particular web server process running on the server (they can be many, usually two: the HTTP and the HTTPS server processes)
S The symbolic name used in the address bar is used to select a specific site inside the selected web server (they can be many) WWW communications
firefox grid003.ricerca.di.unimi.it à 159.149.129.213 marchi.ricerca.di.unimi.it à159.149.129.213 TCP:43265 UDP:53 UDP:53 HTTP server TCP:80 WWW Communications happens at Application level L3 - Internet level L4 - Transport level
Private Network
Network Address Translation
1.1.1.1 1.1.1.2 159.149.129.213 8.8.8.8 NAT Router 10.1.1.100 Public Intenet 10.1.1.10 10.1.1.1
quotesdbs_dbs23.pdfusesText_29
Digitalization
S Digitalization process loss informations due to the fact that you are taking only a finite sampled rappresentation of the original analog data.
S After digitalization, the information is expressed by a sequence ofbits and code by some format that can contains some redoundance. By loss-less compression tecniques you can srink your data near to the teoretical minimal amount of bits needs to represent it (for eg. png format).
S Accepting some loose of information, by a loss compressiontecniques, you can obtain a more srinked version respect to the teoretical limit (for eg. jpeg format for images) .
SCoding Text
Bit, Byte, ASCII, UTF-8,...
S Bit: BInary digiT, a flag that can assume two values, 0 or 1. S Byte: 8 bits, the "atom" of the information on PCs. S ASCII: a way to code char with 7 bits, ex:010.0000 means 100.0000 means '@' 100.0100 100.1111 100.0111 means "DOG"
S try on google "ASCII TABLE"
S UTF-8: a way to code a lot of char with 1 to 4 bytes:S try on google "UTF-8"
SCoding Images
bitmapFrom pixels to images
bitmap0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
From pixels to images
bitmap0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
From pixels to images
Coloring is Addictive
S All (visible) colors are combination of Red, Green, Blue red dominant blue dominantRGB Color Channels
RGB image Red Chanel Green Chanel Blue Chanel
Resolution and Color Depth
S Resolution: number of pixel composing the image:S 1024 column x 768 rows = 786.432 pixel
S Color Depth: number of bit used for pixel color:S Black And White: 1 bit/pixel
S 1=black S 0=white
S True color: 24bit/pixel (8 for red, 8 for green, 8 for blue)S 0000.0000 0000.0000 0000.0000 = black S 0000.0000 1111.1111 0000.0000 = green S 1111.1111 1111.1111 1111.1111 = white
Coding color with RGB
S RGB: color is a combination of Red, Green and Blue, (notation based on human perception and oriented to monitor devices)
S Each visible color can be obtained by addictively mix the basic color components Red, Green and Blue with a given ratio. S The combination ratio can be expressed by 3-ple of numbers:S Try on Google: "RGB table"
Color Depth vs Size
S An example of B/W image with different gray-scale paletteResolution:512x512 Color depth: 8bit Image size: 262144 bytes Resolution:512x512 Color depth: 10 bit Image Size: 327680 bytes Resolution:512x512 Color depth: 16bit Image size: 524288 bytes
Other Color Spaces
S There are other many way to "code" colors; a short list: S HSV and HSL: color is a combination of Hue, Saturation and (V)brightness/L uminance (notation oriented to color perception, image manipulation) S CMYK: color is a combination of Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, blacK, oriented to print process by ink.S RAL: used in industries.
Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses SCoding Sounds
time Air pressureSampling and the Nyquist rule
Nyquist rule
"In order t sample a looped signal, it is necessary t use a sampling rat of at least twice te maximum signal fequency"
Example: S sampling at CD quality: 44khz S Max audible frequency: 20khz SCoding Codes
Coding for humans
S Hi-Level language programs can be coded as text: /* Hello World C-Language program */ #include
Coding for (not so) humans
S Low-Level language Language programs are also text: /* Disassembled piece from hello.c */ /* in Assembly Language .... 4000561: sub %r12,%rbp : xor %ebx,%ebx : sar $0x3,%rbp : sub $0x8,%rbp ....
Coding for CPU
S CPU languages are made by sequence of bytes: /* Byte Code piece from hello.c */ .... 4000561: 4c 29 e5 : 31 db : 48 c1 fd 03 : 48 83 ec 08 ....
Digitalization: the new world
S The digitization of the contents has allowed the automatic processing and transmission over long distances and the low-cost conservation of knowledge data data result Digitalization computer data SThe Net
"Just think about it. Our whole world is sitting there on a computer."Angela Bennett
Packet Transmission on the Net
S Internet is self-organized meshed network.
S Internet transmits data by divide it in small packets of bytes. S Each end-point have a worldwide unique address that can
be used to reach it on the net (ipv4,ipv6 addressing) S Each packet follows its own route through the net by jumpfrom one node to another; the jump directions are locally decided by the traversing nodes in a best-effort logic.
S The target node have the duty to reconstruct the sequence (if need).Internet
1.1.1.1 1.1.1.2 159.149.129.213 8.8.8.8
Adressing nodes: IPv4 and IPv6
S Each public node on the have its own unique address S Each node on the net have a route for any possible destination; these routes are self-discovered and refreshed.S IPv4 address are in the form of:
S 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042:8329
Transmission Control Protocol
S Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): permits to establish stable conversations.TCP session
S TCP use a number fro 0 to 65535 to identify services and client program inside node S A TCP cornversation between two node is identified by the session:client ip address TCP port used by the browser server ip address TCP port used by the HTTP web server 1.1.1.1 : 45832 : 159.149.129.213 : 80
User Datagram Protocol
S User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a protocol for conversation in which the delivery of every packet and the reconstruction of the correct sending sequence is not mandatory.
S It use the same TCP schema for identify a conversation:
Domain Name System
S The Domain Name System permits (among other stuff) to resolve symbolic name into IPv4 address S Any existing domain is resolved by a dedicated server; DNS servers are organised in a hierarchical schema. S When a client needs to resolve a name, it query its own configuredDNS server
ns.unimi.it 159.149.10.1 Doman: unimi.it ..... grid003.ricerca.di.unimi.it à 159.149.129.213 marchi.ricerca.di.unimi.it à159.149.129.213 ....
Hyper Text Transport Protocol
S Hyper Text Transport Protocol (HTTP) and its secure versione (HTTPS) permit to transfert information between browser and a web server.
S The server TCP port is used to select a particular web serverprocess running on the server (they can be many, usually two: the HTTP and the HTTPS server processes)
S The symbolic name used in the address bar is used to select a specific site inside the selected web server (they can be many)WWW communications
firefox grid003.ricerca.di.unimi.it à 159.149.129.213 marchi.ricerca.di.unimi.it à159.149.129.213TCP:43265 UDP:53 UDP:53 HTTP server TCP:80 WWW Communications happens at Application level L3 - Internet level L4 - Transport level