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REC-ERC-72-33

Dale Toetz

Jerry Wilhm

Oklahoma State University

Robert Summerfelt

Oklahoma Cooperative Fishery Unit

October 1972

U. S. Department of the Interior

Prepared for

Bureau of Reclamation

Denver, Colorado 80225

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL

DESTRATIFICATION AND AERATION

IN LAKES AND RESERVOIRS -

ANALYSIS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

MS-230 (8-70)

Bureau of Reclamation

1. REPORT NO.

REC-ERC-72-33

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Biological Effects of Artificial Destratification

and Aeration in Lakes and Reservoirs-Analysis and Bibliography

7. AUTHOR(S}

Dale Toetz, Jerry Wilhm, and Robert Summerfelt

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University,

Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074 and

Oklahoma Cooperative Fishery Unit

Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074

• SPONSORING ENCY N ME AND ADDRESS

Engineering and Research Center

Bureau of Reclamation

Denver, Colorado 80225

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT

5. REPORT DATE

Oct 72

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NO.

REC-ERC-72-33

10. WORK UNIT NO.

11. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. Order

Nos. 12-D-2121 and -2122

13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD

COVERED

14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE

The state of the art of research concerning the biological effects of reaeration and destratification is described,

with emphasis on lakes and reservoirs. Research needs are discussed, based on this review. Useful descriptions

of methods and devices for reaeration and destratification and a comprehensive annotated bibliography of 337

references are included.

17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS

a. DESCR IPTORS--1 *water quality/ chemical properties/ *reaeration/ water quality control/ aeration/ aquatic

environment/ *reservoirs/ *lakes/ mixing/ biological properties/ *reviews/ *bibliographies/ *environmental

effects b. IDENTIFIERS--I *destratification (thermal) c. COSATI Field/Group 13B

8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

Available from the National Technical Information Service, Operations

Division, Springfield, Virginia 22151.

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCLASSIF ED

1. NO. OF PAGE

117

20. SECURITY CLASS 22. PRICE

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

REC-ERC-72-33

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL

DESTRATIFICATION AND AERATION

IN LAKES AND RESERVOIRS -

ANALYSIS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

by

Dale Toetz

Jerry Wilhm

Robert Summerfelt

October

1972

Prepared under

.Bureau of Reclamation

Orders No. 12-D-2121 and ·2122

Department of Zoology

Oklahoma State University

Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074

Oklahoma Cooperative Fishery Unit

Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR * BUREAU OF RECLAMATION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This report was prepared as a cooperative effort between members of the Department at Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, and the

Oklahoma Cooperative Fishery Unit. It is 493,

Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University. Messrs. Larry Bowles, Jeffery N. Johnson, and Michael Mnich conducted the literature search and Mrs. Steve Daniels and Mrs, Dale Toetz assembled the bibliography. Mr. Howard Jarrell and the Research Foundation of Oklahoma State University provided secretarial as$istance. We also thank the librarians of the Oklahoma State University. The names of the authors of the respective sections of the report are given in footnotes. The remainder of the report is a joint effort. The Science

Information

Exchange provided descriptions of current research activi ty. The report was published by the Bureau of Reclamation. We thank the scientists who responded to our request for literature. We are especially indebted to Drs. Hein(; Bernhardt, Arlo Fast, Kenneth Malueg, Lowell Leach, James Symons, E. A. Thomas, and Thomas

Wirth.

We also thank the many and publishers, who granted permission to use their figures.

The report was reviewed by

the Reaeration Research

Program Management Team of the Bureau of Recla

mation. Minor editorial revisions were made.

FOREWORD

This report was developed through a professional services agreement with the authors, under the general direction of the Reaeration Research Program Management Team,

Bureau

of Reclamation. This report represents one phase of a comprehensive program of research in reaeration and control of dissolved gases. The results and conclusions of this report will be used in desighing biological monitoring programs for field applications of reaeration and destratification.

CITATION

As a conveniehce to the reader we recommend the following format in citing sections of this report: Author last name, Author first initial, 1972. Title of section. pp . IN: Toetz, Summerfelt and Wilhm. Biological Effects of Artificial Destratification in Lakes and , Reservoirs--Analysis and Bibliography. Bureau of Reclamation Report REC-ERC-72-

33, U.S. Department of the Interior, Denver, Colorado.

Purpose . . . . . .

Artificial Destratificati·on

Reasons

Methods

Mechanical pumping

Injection of diffused air

Aero-hydraulics gun

Aeration Devices

Local Aeration

of Lake

Hypolimnetic Aeration

Spray on

Ice

Submerged Weirs

Turbine

Aeration

Selective Withdrawal

Aeration in Penstock

Other Methods . .

CONTENTS

Biological Effects of Artificial Destratification

Observations . . . . . . . .

Physical Factors

anc:! Biogeochemistry

Mixing effects

Mechanical pumping

Compressed air

Temperature

Basic studies

Applied studies

Oxygen

Basic studies

Applied studies

Oxidation and Organic Matter

Alkalinity, C02 and pH

Basic studies

Applied studies

Transparency

Basic studies

Applied studies

Page 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 8 9 9 10 12 13 13 13 14 14 14

CONTENTS-Continued

Conductivity and Major Cations and Anions

Basic

·studies

Applied studies

Sulfur

Basic studies

Applied studies

Manganese and

Iron

Basic studies

Applied studies

Silicon

Basic studies

Applied studies

Other Elements

Nitrogen

Basic studies

Applied studies

Phosphorus

Basic studies

Applied studies

Conclusions

on Physical Factors and Biogeochemistry

Basic studies

Applied studies

Conclusions .

Other Microorganisms

Zooplankton

Basic studies

Applied studies

Conclusions .

Benthic Macroinvertebrates

Basic

·studies

Applied studies

Chironomids

Chaoborinae

Ephemeroptera

ii • Ill •• Page 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 22
22
22
-22 22
23
23
23
25
26
26
26

CONTENTS-Continued

Oligochaeta . ; . . • ; • .

Other benthic

macroinvettebrates

Conclusions

Fish·

Basic studies

Fish distribution

Summerkills

Applied studies

Artificial destratification

Hypolimnetic aeration

Ice cover and winterkill EffectS of Impoundments on Stream._ Invertebrates and Fishes

Basic studies

Applied studies

Conciusions

Downstream Effects of Artificial Desttatification

Effects

of lnstream Aeration

Research Needs

Bibliography Preface

Bibliography

Figure

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

LIST OF FIGURES

Design

of pump; pontoort, and engine of a mechanical pump used for artificial destratification by Irwin, et al. (1966)

The diffuse air

injection system at El Capitan Reservoir 1 California . . • · . . . . . • . • . . , , • Side view of the floating aerator of Riddick (1957) showing velocities of upwelling water . . . . . . •

Aerator used at Erdman Lake by Johnson (1966)

An Aero-Hydraulics cannon . . . . . . • . The new hypolimnetic aerator of Bernhardt

Hypothetical

destratification patterns caused by a diffused aeration system . • • • • • . • • .. , . . , Cross section of a plume of water rising from a point source Before and after effect of hypolimtietic aeration on disttibu· tion of dissolved oxygen . . • . . . . . • • • •

Generalized

seasonal profiles of temperature ar1d oxygen in a dimictic lake • • . . . • . . . • . . . . . , iii Page 27
27 21
28
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