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AH ARENDT title, "Totalitarian Imperialism: Reflections on the Hungarian Revolution "



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The origins of totalitarianism

AH ARENDT title, "Totalitarian Imperialism: Reflections on the Hungarian Revolution "





\ The Origins of · Totalitarianism

AH ARENDT Harcourt, Brace Two: The Jews, the Nation-State, and the Birth of Antisemitism



The origins of totalitarianism - The New York Public Library

Cité 9 fois — by HANNAH ARENDT results of depopulation is totalitarian rule, as distinguished from a totalitarian





The Origins of Totalitarianism - JSTOR

2002 · Cité 27 fois — JLIuring the summer of 1950, when Hannah Arendt was on vacation, she was reading proofs for The 



ARENDT, HANNAH The Origins of Totalitarianism - JSTOR

1951 — The Origins of Totalitarianism New York Henry Holt 1951 Pp 477 With this book Dr Hannah Arendt 



The Origins of Totalitarianism

propaganda of totalitarian movements which precede and accom- pany totalitarian regimes is 

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ORIGINS

i &REFLECTIONSONTHEHUNGARIANREVOLUTION

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TheOriginsof

Totalitarianism

5i|

TheOriginsof

Totalitarianism

byHANNAHARENDT

MeridianBooksTHEWORLDPUBLISHINGCOMPANY

ClevelandandNewYork

AMERIDIANBOOK

PublishedbyTheWorldPublishingCompany

2231WestllOthStreet,Cleveland2,Ohio

FirstMeridianprintingSeptember1958

SeventhprintingSeptember1962

copyright©1958byHannahArendt anewspaperormagazine.

PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericav/p962

TOHEINRICHBLUCHER

WederdentVerpanp;enenanheimfallennoch

demZukiinftif^eii.Eskomnitdaraufan,g,anz gepemvarli^zusein.KAHLJASPERS

PrefacetotheFirstEdition

thedevelopmentofthesamephenomena - homelessnessonanunprece- commonsenseandself-interest - forcesthatlooklikesheerinsanity,if oftheirlives. optimism. vmPRI-FACETOTHl-FIRSTEDITION ingless,andunreal. ourcenturyhasplacedonus - neitherdenyingitsexistencenorsubmitting attentivefacingupto,andresistingof,reality - whateveritmaybe. ownstrengthhasestablished. ofthecenturyisoflittleavail.

PREFACETOTHEFIRSTEDITIONIX

haveknownthe^trulyradicalnatureofEvil. conquest),totalitarianism(notmerelydictatorship) - oneaftertheother,

Summer,1950

PrefacetotheSecondEnlargedEdition

buttheHungarianrevolution - thefirstandyetuniqueinstanceofa asanaccomplishedfact. chapters.

XIIPREFACETOTHI-SECONDENLARGEDEDITION

nowuseoriginalinsteadofsecondarysources. ishing. andarchivalnumber.

HannahArendt

NewYork,April,1958

Contents

PrefacetotheFirstEdition

PrefacetotheSecondEnlargedEdition

v// XI

PARTONE:ANTISEMITISM

Antisemitism11

42.v:TheGoldenAgeofSecurity50.

three:TheJewsandSociety i:BetweenPariahandParvenu56.n:ThePotent

Wizard68.in:BetweenViceandCrime79.

54
four:TheDreyfusAffair i:TheFactsoftheCase89.n:TheThirdRepublic andFrenchJewry95.in:ArmyandClergyAgainst v:TheJewsandtheDreyfusards117.vi:The

PardonandItsSignificance119.

89

PARTTWO:IMPERIALISM

andCapital147.

XIVCONTENTS

Six:Race-ThinkingBeforeRacism158

Citizens161.ii:RaceUnityasaSubstitutefor

NationalEmancipation165.ill:TheNewKeyto

Rif^htsofMen175.

seven:RaceandBureaucracy185 i:ThePhantomWorldoftheDarkContinent186.

II:GohiandRace197.iii:TheImperialist

Character207.

Lawlessness243.in:PartyandMovement250.

oftheRightsofMan267 i:The"NationofMinorities"andtheStateless

Man290.

PARTTHREE:TOTALITARIANISM

ten:aClasslessSociety305 i:TheMasses305.ii:TheTemporaryAlliance

BetweentheMobandtheElite326.

eleven:TheTotalitarianMovement341

Organization364.

twelve:TotalitarianisminPower389

Police419.Ill:TotalDomination437.

thirteen:IdeologyandTerror:

ANovelFormofGovernment460

CONTENTS

fourteen:Epilogue:Reflectionsonthe

HungarianRevolution

Revolution492.in:TheSatelliteSystem502.

480

Index511

PARTONE

Antisemitism

Thisisaremarkablecenturywhichopenedwith

theRevolutionandendedwiththeAffaire!Per- hapsitwillbecalledthecenturyofrubbish.

ROGERMARTINDUCARD

CHAPTERone:AiitisemitismasanOutrage

toCommonSense betheirchiefdiscovery - theroleoftheJewishpeopleinworldpolitics andtheirchiefinterest - persecutionofJewsallovertheworld - have aninterestingdeviceofdemagogy. js£"proportionandourhopeforsanity. powercrashed. ^ANTISEMITISM

bytheFrenchmassesforthearistocracyattheoutbreakoftheRevolution - ahatredwhichstimulatedBurketoremarkthattherevolutionwasmore

Tt'shouldbetolerated.

aboutinanycase.

ANTISEMITISMASANOUTRAGETOCOMMONSENSE5

anceoftheHapsburgmonarchy. theirimportanceandpower. bestillustration - andthebestrefutation - ofthisexplanation,deartothe theJews?askstheother. themselvesinvolvedintheusualhistoricalresearch - wherenothingisever

5ANTISEMITISM

consequenceofrulebyterror - namely,thatnobody,noteventheexecutors, ormaynothavedone. withhisfate.

ANTISEMITISMASANOUTRAGETOCOMMONSENSE7

argument.

mistookmodernanti-ChristianantisemitismfortheoldreligiousJew-hatred - andthisallthemoreirmocentlybecausetheirassimilationhadby-passed

gANTISEMITISM answerstheuncomfortablequestion:WhytheJewsofallpeople? - ifonly themtobe.

ANTISEMITISMASANOUTRAGETOCOMMONSENSE9

comprehensibility - baseduponthefactthatitisenactedbymenandthere- forecanbeunderstoodbymen - isindanger,wheneverfactsarenolonger toprovethisorthatopinion. thoughtwereindestructibleessences.

10ANTISEMITISM

developmentinthenextchapter. If,furthermore,thesteadygrowthofthemodemmob - thatis,ofthe dcclassi'sofallclasses - producedleaderswho,undisturbedbythequestion casehasbeentreatedinfulldetail. scene.

CHAPTERtwo:THgJgws,thcNatioii-Statc,

andtheBirthofAntisemitism

I:TheEquivocalitiesofEmancipation

andtheJewishStateBanker ofthebodypolitic. Europeannobility - towhomtheyfrequentlyowedlocalprotectionandfor whomtheyusedtohandlefinancialmatters - wouldbecalleduponforhelp;

12ANTISEMITISM

ofprivatecapitalisticenterprise. ofWesternandCentralEuropeanJewry.* placedbyamereformalequalitybeforethelaw.

Zeit,Lemgo,1814-1819,IV,487.

THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism13

orwithinitsmachinery. classes,thearistocracyorthebourgeoisie.

Europeancountries.

J4ANTISEMITISM

hardlyhavepreservedtheirgroupidentity. privileged - underspecialprotectionofthegovernment - orunderprivileged, inordertopreventtheirassimilation. lowingstages: mentattemptsfailedcompletely. withhisfinancialtransactions."

Ceisteskultur,1927,Band3.

Wiesiegrossundreichwurden,Berlin,1927.

THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism15

government. incontrasttothenineteenth-centurystatebankers - hadevenlessneedof hindthis. itslackofpower.

16ANTISEMITISM

toherrecoverythanthebourgeoisie.

Schleiermachers,1870,pp.182ff.).

THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism17

cometoanend. wouldhavebeennoneed - orevenanypossibility - ofintroducingthe

JewsintoEuropeanhistoryonequalterms.

ishaudience.

18ANTISEMITISM

JewsoftheEasternprovinces - itbecameclearthatatleasttheJewswere forall.^o clusiveanduniqueposition. whenheinheritedthethrone. cationdesEtatsGenerauxof1787.

THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitismJ9

timesofnationalconflictsandwars. neededtheequivalentofthecourtJew. '^SeePriebatsch,op.tit.

20ANTISEMITISM

issueofanyimportance.

THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism21

22ANTISEMITISM

Jewsasapeople.

peannations.

THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism23

purelyEuropeanelement. orpatronizing"progressive"attitudes.

475. - Thearticle"Juif"oftheEncyclopedic,1751-1765,Vol.IX,whichwasprob-

parts."

24ANTISEMITISM

ontheother.*" norsocialstatus. kominendenDingen,1917,p.247.

Bourbons.

THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism25

sinisterforcesplottedtotakeoverthestate. significantpart.

26ANTISEMITISM

ofEurope - Frankfurt,Paris,London,NaplesandVienna - washisingeni- warswhen - from1811to1816 - almosthalftheEngUshsubventionsto erallythecase)membersofthefamily.

NewYork,1927.

THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism27

fororganization.^^ ThepopularnotionthattheJews - incontrasttootherpeoples - were

21Capefigue,op.cit.

28ANTISEMITISM

n:EarlyAntisemitism

THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism29

oftheJews - partlyasaconcessiontopublicopinion,andpartlybecause weaponforspecificpurposes.

30ANTISEMITISM

agenerallegalaffirmationofthestatusquo. aristocracyafterthdCongressofVienna.^^ andSteUin,1781,I,174. subduingalltoitspower."

THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism31

benospecialprivilegeswhatsoever.

32ANTISEMITISM

andheritage. ousaloofness. ofthestate - whatcouldhavebeenmorealientotheenlighteneddespots!

Berlin,1935,p.244.

op.cit.,pp.223,234.

THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism33

wealthybrethren - whocertainlywerethelasttoclamorforanequalityby

304,305.

Berlin,1846,Band10.

p.215)inalettertoMetternichin1815.

Besserungsmitteln,1831.

34ANTISEMITISM

Anti-Semitism,ed.byK.S.Pinson,1946.

THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism35

thetime. motivatedbyaconflictwiththestate.

III:TheFirstAntisemiticParties

j^ANTISEMITISM thePanamaAffairandtheGrimdungsschwindel. tionoftheirrapiddissolution.

THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism37

ifhecouldpossiblyhelpit - certainlynotsmalltradesmen - bankerslooked misfortuneandmisery. tiveforcesofthechurches - theCatholicChurchinAustriaandFrance, jgANTISEMITISM theProtestantChurchinGermany - underthepretextoffightinghberalism dominatethenation.

THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism39

organization. thanandabovepartygroups. Thefactthatsimilarformationswithoutactiveantisemitism - which atfirsttohavefarbetterchancesforfinalvictory - werefinallysubmerged

Vereinigungwasfounded.

seechapterviii.

40ANTISEMITISM

propaganda. intothenation-statethantheantisemites.

THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism41

ofviolence. toworldproblems. *^Comparechapterviii. ^2ANTISEMITISM fuMonandcure-allcharlatanry.

IV:LeftistAntisemitism

Austria.

Creditanstalt" - aRothschildbankinghouse.^^AlthoughtheDanubemon-

XXVIII.1,1940.

THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism43

semitism. otherGermanbrandofantisemitism.

44ANTISEMITISM

theJewsinthenation-state - hostilitytotheintelligentsiaandfriendliness

ThirdRepublic.

'"QuotedfromPichI,op.cit.,I,p.26.

THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism45

ernment. ^5ANTISEMITISM whichthedeclinewasrapid. *oSecChapteriv.

THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism47

modernforcesattheendofthecentury. flourishedunderNapoleonIII.

4SANTISEMITISM

uptoourowntime." inGermanyandAustria. withthenationalenemy. tificsocialism - everybodythinkstherevolutionisbeingadvancedifthegeneralex-

THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism49

Europeancountries.

provokes. ^QANTISEMITISM charlatans. thoughdeclininginimportance - thenationparV:TheGoldenAgeofSecurity

April,1943.

THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism51

inGermanyandahalf-heartedRepubUcincontinualcrisisinFrance - all pire - managedtocarryon.Noneofthesegovernmentswasespecially expansionfellapart. appearastherealmofreality. partlywrittenbeforetheWar." ^2ANTISEMITISM thebroaderstrataoftheJewishmiddleclass. problemforthem.

THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism53

everycountryexcepttheonethatissuedit. societyofthelastcentury.

CHAl'TERTHREETheJewsandSociety

allthemoreconspicuous. forms.

THEJEWSANDSOCIETY55

Jewishtypewasduetoboth - tospecialdiscriminationandtospecialfavor. themselvesasaspecialclique. society - fromwhateverstratum - hadbeenfirmlyconvincedthatbyability bynatureandhistorythemostunequalamongthepeoplesofAmerica - haveborne Jews.

5(JANTISEMITISM

I:BetweenPariahandParvenu

Jews,knewquitewellthatitwasthisveryambiguity - thattheywereJews andyetpresumablynotlikeJews - whichopenedthedoorsofsocietyto andyetnottobeJews."^ wasapoliticalone. assimilation.

THEJEWSANDSOCIETY57

finally,wereurgedtoeducatethemselves. principlemightbemoreeffective. derJudeninPreussen,Berlin,1912,II,270.

Jahrhundert,1801-03.

Neuzeit,1915,p.646.

FranzMehring,DieLessinglegende,1906.

,jv^,ANTISEMITISM V,34. i

THEJEWSANDSOCIETY59

domain."^^ dle-classintellectuals,andactors - thatis,allthosewho,liketheJews,did anyofitsconventionsorprejudices. ^ANTISEMITISM thesewereafewofthemorefamousvisitorsatRahel's"garret" - cameto friends,theinnocenceandsplendorweregone. nicipallawintact.

THEJEWSANDSOCIETY61

faith)stillnumberedabove60percent," ceptionJews"hadalwaysfeared. unknownmassof"backwardbrethren";onehadtostandout - asanin- dividualwhocouldbecongratulatedonbeinganexception - from"the

Jew,"andthusfromthepeopleasawhole.

DeutschenReich,Vol.I,Berlin,1930.

52ANTISEMITISM

civiloutcasts. law - theyneverleftreligioustraditionsaltogether - yetdemandedallthe reflectedreality.**

GeschichtederIsraeliten,1846,X,102.

^^Op.cit.,IX,38. - ThecourtJewsandtherichJewishbankerswhofollowedin

THEJEWSANDSOCIETY63

asawholecametoberegardedasacaste.-^

IV,Annex,48.

21Schudt,op.cit.,I,19.

fiirdieneuesteGeschichte,1815. .,ANTISEMITISM assuchbysociety.

Jewishreligion.

THEJEWSANDSOCIETY65

Germany.

pointofview. "ordinaryJews."

Studies,Vol.VI,No.2(1944).

^5ANTISEMITISM problemforeveryindividualJew. certainJewishrebelslivingonthefringeofsocietydidpossess - humanity, venumustacquireifhewantstoarrive - inhumanity,greed,insolence, duTchschwarzeMagie,1925.

THEJEWSANDSOCIETY67

ofinhumanity - forexampleinthequestionofmixedmarriages - whenthe lawsofpassionthanbyconsideredpolicies.

Jewishness,clearlywereinthiscategory.

^ANTISEMITISM narrowlimitsofasocietyaffair. wasBenjaminDisraeli.

II:ThePotentWizard"

higher." pearedastheprince - offeringthebluefloweroftheromantics,nowthe

Beaconsfield,NewYork,1929,II,292-93.

pp.260S.

THEJEWSANDSOCIETY69

"themightydomeofhisforehead - noChristiantemple,tobesure - (was) anaccentuationofhislucky"strangeness." tudeisonlyaviceamongthefew"^* - perhapsthemostprofoundinsight heplayedsobravely."

83SirJohnSkleton,op.cit.

3 •JQANTISEMITISM

Queen.

politically. •>SirJohnSkleton,op.c'lt. *^Ibid..p.491.

THEJEWSANDSOCIETY71

andarrogance. diningclub - "aselectcoterieofwhichithasbeencustomarytomakerising rigorouslyexcluded"*^ - thantobeHerMajesty'sMinister.Thedelightfully onlytheprivileges,ofbeingbornaJew. *iHoraceS.Samuel,op.cit. *2MonypennyandBuckle,op.cit.,p.147.

43Ibid.

72ANTISEMITISM

andnotonachievement.

THEJEWSANDSOCIETY75

bourgeoisandupstartraceopinions. ournature,"that"thevicissitudesofhistoryfindtheirmainsolution - allis didnotbelongtoanelite,toaselectedfew - which,afterall,hadbeenin- herentintheprideofanobleman - buthadtosharechosennesswithan *^InhisnovelConingsby,1844.

J4ANTISEMITISM

twobasicelementsofJewishpiety - theMessianichopeandthefaithin arebynaturemoreintelligent,better,healthier,morefitforsurvival - the hadtiedIsraeltotherestofmankind. thepsychologyofmodernJews,bywhichJewishassimilation - initsliqui- psychologicaltricks - engenderedaveryrealJewishchauvinism,ifbychau-

THEJEWSANDSOCIETY75

Hissuperstitiousbeliefinbloodandrace - intowhichhemixedoldro- goldandblood - carriednosuspicionofpossiblemassacres,whetherin ^^SirJohnSkleton,op.cit.

52HoraceB.Samuel,op.cit.

^3MonypennyandBuckle,op.cit.,p.882.

75ANTISEMITISM

hadtheworld'sdestiniesinitshands. determinethecourseofhumanhistory.^" imagination,theworldhadbecomeJewish. '*LordGeorgeBenlinck,p.497. *"InhisnovelLothair,1870. *'LordGeorgeBentinck.

THEJEWSANDSOCIETY77

mandingfigureofLondonsociety."^^

JgANTISEMITISM

dangerousfairy-tales. casteconcepts. wIbid.,Vol.I,Book3.

THEJEWSANDSOCIETY79

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