AH ARENDT title, "Totalitarian Imperialism: Reflections on the Hungarian Revolution "
AH ARENDT title, "Totalitarian Imperialism: Reflections on the Hungarian Revolution "
AH ARENDT Harcourt, Brace Two: The Jews, the Nation-State, and the Birth of Antisemitism
Cité 9 fois — by HANNAH ARENDT results of depopulation is totalitarian rule, as distinguished from a totalitarian
2002 · Cité 27 fois — JLIuring the summer of 1950, when Hannah Arendt was on vacation, she was reading proofs for The
1951 — The Origins of Totalitarianism New York Henry Holt 1951 Pp 477 With this book Dr Hannah Arendt
propaganda of totalitarian movements which precede and accom- pany totalitarian regimes is
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i &REFLECTIONSONTHEHUNGARIANREVOLUTION
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TheOriginsof
Totalitarianism
5i| TheOriginsof
Totalitarianism
byHANNAHARENDT MeridianBooksTHEWORLDPUBLISHINGCOMPANY
ClevelandandNewYork
AMERIDIANBOOK
PublishedbyTheWorldPublishingCompany
2231WestllOthStreet,Cleveland2,Ohio
FirstMeridianprintingSeptember1958
SeventhprintingSeptember1962
copyright©1958byHannahArendt anewspaperormagazine. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericav/p962
TOHEINRICHBLUCHER
WederdentVerpanp;enenanheimfallennoch
demZukiinftif^eii.Eskomnitdaraufan,g,anz gepemvarli^zusein.KAHLJASPERS PrefacetotheFirstEdition
thedevelopmentofthesamephenomena - homelessnessonanunprece- commonsenseandself-interest - forcesthatlooklikesheerinsanity,if oftheirlives. optimism. vmPRI-FACETOTHl-FIRSTEDITION ingless,andunreal. ourcenturyhasplacedonus - neitherdenyingitsexistencenorsubmitting attentivefacingupto,andresistingof,reality - whateveritmaybe. ownstrengthhasestablished. ofthecenturyisoflittleavail. PREFACETOTHEFIRSTEDITIONIX
haveknownthe^trulyradicalnatureofEvil. conquest),totalitarianism(notmerelydictatorship) - oneaftertheother, Summer,1950
PrefacetotheSecondEnlargedEdition
buttheHungarianrevolution - thefirstandyetuniqueinstanceofa asanaccomplishedfact. chapters. XIIPREFACETOTHI-SECONDENLARGEDEDITION
nowuseoriginalinsteadofsecondarysources. ishing. andarchivalnumber. HannahArendt
NewYork,April,1958
Contents
PrefacetotheFirstEdition
PrefacetotheSecondEnlargedEdition
v// XI PARTONE:ANTISEMITISM
Antisemitism11
42.v:TheGoldenAgeofSecurity50.
three:TheJewsandSociety i:BetweenPariahandParvenu56.n:ThePotent Wizard68.in:BetweenViceandCrime79.
54
four:TheDreyfusAffair i:TheFactsoftheCase89.n:TheThirdRepublic andFrenchJewry95.in:ArmyandClergyAgainst v:TheJewsandtheDreyfusards117.vi:The PardonandItsSignificance119.
89
PARTTWO:IMPERIALISM
andCapital147. XIVCONTENTS
Six:Race-ThinkingBeforeRacism158
Citizens161.ii:RaceUnityasaSubstitutefor
NationalEmancipation165.ill:TheNewKeyto
Rif^htsofMen175.
seven:RaceandBureaucracy185 i:ThePhantomWorldoftheDarkContinent186. II:GohiandRace197.iii:TheImperialist
Character207.
Lawlessness243.in:PartyandMovement250.
oftheRightsofMan267 i:The"NationofMinorities"andtheStateless Man290.
PARTTHREE:TOTALITARIANISM
ten:aClasslessSociety305 i:TheMasses305.ii:TheTemporaryAlliance BetweentheMobandtheElite326.
eleven:TheTotalitarianMovement341 Organization364.
twelve:TotalitarianisminPower389 Police419.Ill:TotalDomination437.
thirteen:IdeologyandTerror: ANovelFormofGovernment460
CONTENTS
fourteen:Epilogue:Reflectionsonthe HungarianRevolution
Revolution492.in:TheSatelliteSystem502.
480
Index511
PARTONE
Antisemitism
Thisisaremarkablecenturywhichopenedwith
theRevolutionandendedwiththeAffaire!Per- hapsitwillbecalledthecenturyofrubbish. ROGERMARTINDUCARD
CHAPTERone:AiitisemitismasanOutrage
toCommonSense betheirchiefdiscovery - theroleoftheJewishpeopleinworldpolitics andtheirchiefinterest - persecutionofJewsallovertheworld - have aninterestingdeviceofdemagogy. js£"proportionandourhopeforsanity. powercrashed. ^ANTISEMITISM bytheFrenchmassesforthearistocracyattheoutbreakoftheRevolution - ahatredwhichstimulatedBurketoremarkthattherevolutionwasmore
Tt'shouldbetolerated.
aboutinanycase. ANTISEMITISMASANOUTRAGETOCOMMONSENSE5
anceoftheHapsburgmonarchy. theirimportanceandpower. bestillustration - andthebestrefutation - ofthisexplanation,deartothe theJews?askstheother. themselvesinvolvedintheusualhistoricalresearch - wherenothingisever 5ANTISEMITISM
consequenceofrulebyterror - namely,thatnobody,noteventheexecutors, ormaynothavedone. withhisfate. ANTISEMITISMASANOUTRAGETOCOMMONSENSE7
argument. mistookmodernanti-ChristianantisemitismfortheoldreligiousJew-hatred - andthisallthemoreirmocentlybecausetheirassimilationhadby-passed
gANTISEMITISM answerstheuncomfortablequestion:WhytheJewsofallpeople? - ifonly themtobe. ANTISEMITISMASANOUTRAGETOCOMMONSENSE9
comprehensibility - baseduponthefactthatitisenactedbymenandthere- forecanbeunderstoodbymen - isindanger,wheneverfactsarenolonger toprovethisorthatopinion. thoughtwereindestructibleessences. 10ANTISEMITISM
developmentinthenextchapter. If,furthermore,thesteadygrowthofthemodemmob - thatis,ofthe dcclassi'sofallclasses - producedleaderswho,undisturbedbythequestion casehasbeentreatedinfulldetail. scene. CHAPTERtwo:THgJgws,thcNatioii-Statc,
andtheBirthofAntisemitism I:TheEquivocalitiesofEmancipation
andtheJewishStateBanker ofthebodypolitic. Europeannobility - towhomtheyfrequentlyowedlocalprotectionandfor whomtheyusedtohandlefinancialmatters - wouldbecalleduponforhelp; 12ANTISEMITISM
ofprivatecapitalisticenterprise. ofWesternandCentralEuropeanJewry.* placedbyamereformalequalitybeforethelaw. Zeit,Lemgo,1814-1819,IV,487.
THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism13
orwithinitsmachinery. classes,thearistocracyorthebourgeoisie. Europeancountries.
J4ANTISEMITISM
hardlyhavepreservedtheirgroupidentity. privileged - underspecialprotectionofthegovernment - orunderprivileged, inordertopreventtheirassimilation. lowingstages: mentattemptsfailedcompletely. withhisfinancialtransactions." Ceisteskultur,1927,Band3.
Wiesiegrossundreichwurden,Berlin,1927.
THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism15
government. incontrasttothenineteenth-centurystatebankers - hadevenlessneedof hindthis. itslackofpower. 16ANTISEMITISM
toherrecoverythanthebourgeoisie. Schleiermachers,1870,pp.182ff.).
THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism17
cometoanend. wouldhavebeennoneed - orevenanypossibility - ofintroducingthe JewsintoEuropeanhistoryonequalterms.
ishaudience. 18ANTISEMITISM
JewsoftheEasternprovinces - itbecameclearthatatleasttheJewswere forall.^o clusiveanduniqueposition. whenheinheritedthethrone. cationdesEtatsGenerauxof1787. THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitismJ9
timesofnationalconflictsandwars. neededtheequivalentofthecourtJew. '^SeePriebatsch,op.tit. 20ANTISEMITISM
issueofanyimportance. THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism21
22ANTISEMITISM
Jewsasapeople.
peannations. THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism23
purelyEuropeanelement. orpatronizing"progressive"attitudes. 475. - Thearticle"Juif"oftheEncyclopedic,1751-1765,Vol.IX,whichwasprob-
parts." 24ANTISEMITISM
ontheother.*" norsocialstatus. kominendenDingen,1917,p.247. Bourbons.
THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism25
sinisterforcesplottedtotakeoverthestate. significantpart. 26ANTISEMITISM
ofEurope - Frankfurt,Paris,London,NaplesandVienna - washisingeni- warswhen - from1811to1816 - almosthalftheEngUshsubventionsto erallythecase)membersofthefamily. NewYork,1927.
THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism27
fororganization.^^ ThepopularnotionthattheJews - incontrasttootherpeoples - were 21Capefigue,op.cit.
28ANTISEMITISM
n:EarlyAntisemitism THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism29
oftheJews - partlyasaconcessiontopublicopinion,andpartlybecause weaponforspecificpurposes. 30ANTISEMITISM
agenerallegalaffirmationofthestatusquo. aristocracyafterthdCongressofVienna.^^ andSteUin,1781,I,174. subduingalltoitspower." THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism31
benospecialprivilegeswhatsoever. 32ANTISEMITISM
andheritage. ousaloofness. ofthestate - whatcouldhavebeenmorealientotheenlighteneddespots! Berlin,1935,p.244.
op.cit.,pp.223,234. THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism33
wealthybrethren - whocertainlywerethelasttoclamorforanequalityby 304,305.
Berlin,1846,Band10.
p.215)inalettertoMetternichin1815. Besserungsmitteln,1831.
34ANTISEMITISM
Anti-Semitism,ed.byK.S.Pinson,1946.
THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism35
thetime. motivatedbyaconflictwiththestate. III:TheFirstAntisemiticParties
j^ANTISEMITISM thePanamaAffairandtheGrimdungsschwindel. tionoftheirrapiddissolution. THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism37
ifhecouldpossiblyhelpit - certainlynotsmalltradesmen - bankerslooked misfortuneandmisery. tiveforcesofthechurches - theCatholicChurchinAustriaandFrance, jgANTISEMITISM theProtestantChurchinGermany - underthepretextoffightinghberalism dominatethenation. THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism39
organization. thanandabovepartygroups. Thefactthatsimilarformationswithoutactiveantisemitism - which atfirsttohavefarbetterchancesforfinalvictory - werefinallysubmerged Vereinigungwasfounded.
seechapterviii. 40ANTISEMITISM
propaganda. intothenation-statethantheantisemites. THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism41
ofviolence. toworldproblems. *^Comparechapterviii. ^2ANTISEMITISM fuMonandcure-allcharlatanry. IV:LeftistAntisemitism
Austria.
Creditanstalt" - aRothschildbankinghouse.^^AlthoughtheDanubemon- XXVIII.1,1940.
THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism43
semitism. otherGermanbrandofantisemitism. 44ANTISEMITISM
theJewsinthenation-state - hostilitytotheintelligentsiaandfriendliness ThirdRepublic.
'"QuotedfromPichI,op.cit.,I,p.26. THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism45
ernment. ^5ANTISEMITISM whichthedeclinewasrapid. *oSecChapteriv. THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism47
modernforcesattheendofthecentury. flourishedunderNapoleonIII. 4SANTISEMITISM
uptoourowntime." inGermanyandAustria. withthenationalenemy. tificsocialism - everybodythinkstherevolutionisbeingadvancedifthegeneralex- THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism49
Europeancountries.
provokes. ^QANTISEMITISM charlatans. thoughdeclininginimportance - thenationparV:TheGoldenAgeofSecurity April,1943.
THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism51
inGermanyandahalf-heartedRepubUcincontinualcrisisinFrance - all pire - managedtocarryon.Noneofthesegovernmentswasespecially expansionfellapart. appearastherealmofreality. partlywrittenbeforetheWar." ^2ANTISEMITISM thebroaderstrataoftheJewishmiddleclass. problemforthem. THEnation-state;thebirthofantisemitism53
everycountryexcepttheonethatissuedit. societyofthelastcentury. CHAl'TERTHREETheJewsandSociety
allthemoreconspicuous. forms. THEJEWSANDSOCIETY55
Jewishtypewasduetoboth - tospecialdiscriminationandtospecialfavor. themselvesasaspecialclique. society - fromwhateverstratum - hadbeenfirmlyconvincedthatbyability bynatureandhistorythemostunequalamongthepeoplesofAmerica - haveborne Jews. 5(JANTISEMITISM
I:BetweenPariahandParvenu
Jews,knewquitewellthatitwasthisveryambiguity - thattheywereJews andyetpresumablynotlikeJews - whichopenedthedoorsofsocietyto andyetnottobeJews."^ wasapoliticalone. assimilation. THEJEWSANDSOCIETY57
finally,wereurgedtoeducatethemselves. principlemightbemoreeffective. derJudeninPreussen,Berlin,1912,II,270. Jahrhundert,1801-03.
Neuzeit,1915,p.646.
FranzMehring,DieLessinglegende,1906.
,jv^,ANTISEMITISM V,34. i THEJEWSANDSOCIETY59
domain."^^ dle-classintellectuals,andactors - thatis,allthosewho,liketheJews,did anyofitsconventionsorprejudices. ^ANTISEMITISM thesewereafewofthemorefamousvisitorsatRahel's"garret" - cameto friends,theinnocenceandsplendorweregone. nicipallawintact. THEJEWSANDSOCIETY61
faith)stillnumberedabove60percent," ceptionJews"hadalwaysfeared. unknownmassof"backwardbrethren";onehadtostandout - asanin- dividualwhocouldbecongratulatedonbeinganexception - from"the Jew,"andthusfromthepeopleasawhole.
DeutschenReich,Vol.I,Berlin,1930.
52ANTISEMITISM
civiloutcasts. law - theyneverleftreligioustraditionsaltogether - yetdemandedallthe reflectedreality.** GeschichtederIsraeliten,1846,X,102.
^^Op.cit.,IX,38. - ThecourtJewsandtherichJewishbankerswhofollowedin THEJEWSANDSOCIETY63
asawholecametoberegardedasacaste.-^ IV,Annex,48.
21Schudt,op.cit.,I,19.
fiirdieneuesteGeschichte,1815. .,ANTISEMITISM assuchbysociety. Jewishreligion.
THEJEWSANDSOCIETY65
Germany.
pointofview. "ordinaryJews." Studies,Vol.VI,No.2(1944).
^5ANTISEMITISM problemforeveryindividualJew. certainJewishrebelslivingonthefringeofsocietydidpossess - humanity, venumustacquireifhewantstoarrive - inhumanity,greed,insolence, duTchschwarzeMagie,1925. THEJEWSANDSOCIETY67
ofinhumanity - forexampleinthequestionofmixedmarriages - whenthe lawsofpassionthanbyconsideredpolicies. Jewishness,clearlywereinthiscategory.
^ANTISEMITISM narrowlimitsofasocietyaffair. wasBenjaminDisraeli. II:ThePotentWizard"
higher." pearedastheprince - offeringthebluefloweroftheromantics,nowthe Beaconsfield,NewYork,1929,II,292-93.
pp.260S. THEJEWSANDSOCIETY69
"themightydomeofhisforehead - noChristiantemple,tobesure - (was) anaccentuationofhislucky"strangeness." tudeisonlyaviceamongthefew"^* - perhapsthemostprofoundinsight heplayedsobravely." 83SirJohnSkleton,op.cit.
3 •JQANTISEMITISM Queen.
politically. •>SirJohnSkleton,op.c'lt. *^Ibid..p.491. THEJEWSANDSOCIETY71
andarrogance. diningclub - "aselectcoterieofwhichithasbeencustomarytomakerising rigorouslyexcluded"*^ - thantobeHerMajesty'sMinister.Thedelightfully onlytheprivileges,ofbeingbornaJew. *iHoraceS.Samuel,op.cit. *2MonypennyandBuckle,op.cit.,p.147. 43Ibid.
72ANTISEMITISM
andnotonachievement. THEJEWSANDSOCIETY75
bourgeoisandupstartraceopinions. ournature,"that"thevicissitudesofhistoryfindtheirmainsolution - allis didnotbelongtoanelite,toaselectedfew - which,afterall,hadbeenin- herentintheprideofanobleman - buthadtosharechosennesswithan *^InhisnovelConingsby,1844. J4ANTISEMITISM
twobasicelementsofJewishpiety - theMessianichopeandthefaithin arebynaturemoreintelligent,better,healthier,morefitforsurvival - the hadtiedIsraeltotherestofmankind. thepsychologyofmodernJews,bywhichJewishassimilation - initsliqui- psychologicaltricks - engenderedaveryrealJewishchauvinism,ifbychau- THEJEWSANDSOCIETY75
Hissuperstitiousbeliefinbloodandrace - intowhichhemixedoldro- goldandblood - carriednosuspicionofpossiblemassacres,whetherin ^^SirJohnSkleton,op.cit. 52HoraceB.Samuel,op.cit.
^3MonypennyandBuckle,op.cit.,p.882. 75ANTISEMITISM
hadtheworld'sdestiniesinitshands. determinethecourseofhumanhistory.^" imagination,theworldhadbecomeJewish. '*LordGeorgeBenlinck,p.497. *"InhisnovelLothair,1870. *'LordGeorgeBentinck. THEJEWSANDSOCIETY77
mandingfigureofLondonsociety."^^ JgANTISEMITISM
dangerousfairy-tales. casteconcepts. wIbid.,Vol.I,Book3. THEJEWSANDSOCIETY79
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