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ANDOKLAHOMACOLLEGESTUDENTS

By

BOBBIKAYHOOPER

BachelorofScience

OklahomaStateUniversity

Stillwater,Oklahoma

1993

Submitted

totheFacultyofthe

OklahomaStateUniversity

inpartialfulfillment of therequirementsfor theDegree of

MASTEROFSCIENCE

August,2003

ANDOKLAHOMA COLLEGESTUDENTS

ThesisApproved:

11

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

knowledge Iwant data.] tbedepthandvitalityofChrislianmusic. 111

TABLEOFCONTENTS

Chapter

1.INTRODUCTION

OverviewofThesis

ResearchProblem

Justification

Definition

ofTerms [I.LITERATUREREVIEW

TheoreticalFramework

UsesandGratifications

MediaDependency

BadMusic,BadBehavior:Effects

ofRockMusic

TheWordisOut:ReligiousBroadcasting

TakingMusic"Higher":

('eM

Uses&GratificationsappliedtoCCM

111.METHODOLOGY

PurposeoftheStudy

ResearchApproach

SelectionofSubjects

IV Page 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 11 14 17 22
24
24

ChapterPage

III.METHODOLOGY

ProcedureforCollectionofData

DataAnalysis27

Limitations:28

IV.ANALYSTSOFDATA30

Introduction30

Findings

36
v.CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONS51

Conclusions51

Recommendations)7

Implications58

REFERENCES(lO

APPENDIXA:Moderator'sGuide(14

APPENDIXB:FocusGroupQ&A()7

APPENDIX

C:IRBAPPROVALIII

v Table l. II.

LISTOFTABLES

VI Page .L) 36

CHAPTER1

INTRODUCTION

hasnever rockmusic

1997;StackclaJ..1'1114:

Thompson&Lar:son,1995).

audiencesthroughthesound and 2

Virgin

overall reaches thegirls

Duetoitscontinuedgrowthandpopularity,

contemporaryChristianmusicis subculture, subculture,aswellaspersons radio concentrate butChristian 3 collegestudents.

Overview

ofThesis

ChapterOneincludesastatement

Christianmusicindustryandtoacademiain

mediausesandetTects.

ChapterTwoprovidesareview

Inaddition.

Ananalysis

ResearchProblem

Thepurpose

rockmusicfor identifyingcharacteristics ofCCMlistenersandtheirlisteninghabits.

Justification:Importance

ofThisStudy

Thisstudyisjustifiedonthebasis

ofthetremendousgrowthofContemporary

Inaddition,CCMandChristian

rock peopleandthegrowth knowledgetomasscommunicationresearch.

Thestudyisalsojustifiedonthebasisofits

4 ngoftheusesandgratificationsassociated withmusic-listeningbehavior.

Definition

ofTerms

Christianworldviewwithpopular

fOnTISofmusic. throughsingingandprayerusingalanguage ofJove.adorationandexaltation. market. Uses 5

CHAPTERII

LITERATUREREVIEW

whenthemusicstartstoplay.Everyone fromeverywherewillshuwyoutheir allegiance. Third gospel incl 6

Studies

audience ofpopularmusicwillbe considered. CCM.

TheoreticalFramework

UsesandGratifications

Whyindividualsuse

Movingbeyondthe

weremerelypassivereceivers oftheroleandinfluenceof whichfocused information

TheresearcherfoundthaI

1995).

7 rather researchersare media social consequencesofmediause.

MediaDependency

p.78).Individuals

DeFleur,1976).

8

Popularmusicholdsa

appears spendsinschool music, considerableamount

Popularmusic

Radioformats

programmingmaterial. withagebeingthemostimportant.butunderly ingdimension involveswhatmaterillltl1e audiences whileboyslistenedtotheseand reportedthatgirlsoftenlisten musicfor"moodmanagement." 9 of

Iiterature

interaction. understanding uses ofthemselvesand needs depend indicator ofradiolistening duringadolescenceasanimportantsource ofsocialization.whichisalsosupportedin 10 10 Music content, lyricsappears that wasanimportantpart thatmany programmingthroughcommentswritten inthemarginsoflhequestionnaire.For example,one owntapesorCDs II

BadMusic,BadBehavior:EffectsofRockMusic

a Berle scandal(Fink,1998).Everygenerationhas haditsmusicthatputsthematoddswiththeir in musicaldebatewithhercampaign musil.:

1991).

pop, are studywerelimitedbyasmallsample withandwhereitislistenedtoplaykeyroles inmediatinghowadolescentsexperience

Top40,hardrocklheavymetalandsoftrock.

AccordingtotheWebster'sThird

heavybeat."Thompson 12 music,Gross

Lyrjcs,

conquest. mutilation whoareinrelationshipsareregularlyabused bytheirboyfriendsandhalfofthegirls acceptedtheviolenceasasign oflove. companiesasaresult

1990;Martinetal.,1993;Roe,1995:

Scheel

\(l intheUnited

Kingdom.Rave,astyle

13 fashionsvarygeographically earlierfocusgroupwerenotlimited tothatareaandtime,Forsythetal.(1997)useJ yearslater.

TheresultssuggestedthaImusic

preference amongmen,whichsuggeststhatlistening tomusicmayactuallyservetodecreasethe

Dumber

cardlovascularmeasures. heatit beliefthatexistence or

Althoughthesestatements

ofmusicto 14 althoughsomevariationexists behavior(Singer,Levine &Jou.1993).

Asrockmusichasevolved,moregenres

ofrockhaveemergedsuchassoftrock. Each andmusictelevisionprograms(Engliset aI.,1993).Eachofthesecategoriesisalso represented metal/hardrock.classicrock, thesecularinthemessagesandlyrics.RatherthanBeck's"1'm aloserbaby,sowhy don'tyoukill

TheWordisOut:ReligiousBroadcasting

Religionandradiohavebeenconnected

sineethebegiIlningortheradiohoolll. andSnyder scandals dramaticallyemerge.

Abelman

was 15 interpersonalcommwtication. ofviewerwn:> closeness toGodwerenotcloselyassociated. isrecognizedas heavychurch attendersandlight tomoderateusersofsecularmusic.

Theimportance

competes of phenomena,focusing theanalysisontheperspectiveoftheindividualexperiencingthe experience d 16 livedchurch experiencemakesthemembers dependingononeanother experience

Usingtheresults

relationship receiveconsolationfrom behavior. majority programswasnot 17 she gratifications

TakingMusic"Higher":CCM

ofaGospelmessageor estimated$750 millionperyear.CeMreceivesairplayonmorethan500radiostations nationwide(Howard &Streck,]999). emergence gospelmusic: witiladultsanymorecasilythan didsecularrock. 18

Ithascommunicated.

oftenwhere nootherlanguagehas.

Thegroupwasaccused

oftheChristianfaithinAmericathe

Therationaleforcopyingsecularmusic

isthattoattractnewbelievers.youmust wiJ]not lyrics(Gow,1998).Also,there tocontainamessage congruentwiththeirbeliefsystem(Howard &Streck,1999). whoreachedthemasseswithher"positivepop."

In1975,shesignedacontractwith

Wordrecordsattheage

asa juniorinhighschool (Powell,1999).Grant's1988album,"LeadMeOn"wasnamed asChristian 19

Top40soundde

queentoasecularstar(cite).

Severalartistshaveenjoyedflashes

ofsuccessinthegeneralmarket,including Jars onlyGranthasattractedattention musicintheChristianmarket(Howard &Streck,1999).AccordingtoRomanowski spawnedtheprevailingcontroversy simplyentertain orminister.

Inareport

"Whypeople respondentsalsoindicatedthey tuneinto

CCMradiosimplybecauseitisnotsecular

beliefsystem.Similarto toeeMradioisa purposefulactivity. d 20 thatsince oflisteners. informationabout contentwasimportanttothe

TOIe"inhowtheChristianteens

construct theirsocialreality(p.41).

Howard

Throughthecreation

chal1engingthe society, 21
possibility. In videoswilh 17). existence thatareopenlyChristian-usingthewords "OoJ"and"Jesus"whilestandingonCalvary hill. ofexplicitlyreligiousvisuals,moderatelyandambiguouslyreligious videoshavethe potentialsto multiple.varied. experience. 22
ofdifferentaudiences(Gow,1998).

Uses&GratificationsappliedtoCCM

lesslikelytheyareto

Katz,etal.

integrativeneeds socialintegrativeneedsinvolve to"fellowship"together.

Katz.,eta!.

origins:mediacontent. situation as othersbothduringandafterthefact. 23
isimportanttothe group. 24

CHAPTERIII

METHODOLOGY

Purpose

oftheStudy inregardtotheirChristianfaith. appropriatemethod aschemaorperspective of

Christianmusic.

ResearchApproach

Theusesandgratifications

Focusgroupswere used

ofinterview.People

Reliance

4 dominatedintervie\\10g moderator'sguide(Appendix A). asfollows,onegrouparmen lightusers.

Selection

ofSubjects

Sinceacompletelist

According

forChristandChiAlpha.

Recruitment

StateUniversity

organizationsbecausethesesrudents weremostlikelytobelistenersofCCM.Each 26

Thestudentscontactedwerealsoasked

iftheyknewotherstudentswholistento werethencontacted

1990).

tokeep bygenderandbythe numberquotesdbs_dbs17.pdfusesText_23