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Converted Firearms in Europe

Nicolas Florquin and Benjamin King

FROM LEGAL TO LETHALA publication of the Small Arms Survey with support from the French Ministry for Europe

and Foreign Affairs and the German Federal Foreign Office.

2 Report April 2018Florquin and King From Legal to Lethal 3

Published in Switzerland by the Small Arms Survey

© Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, 2018

First published in April 2018

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior permission in writing of the Small Arms Survey, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Publications Coordinator, Small Arms Survey, at the address below.

Small Arms Survey

Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies

Maison de la Paix, Chemin Eugène-Rigot 2E

1202 Geneva, Switzerland

Copy-editor: Alex Potter (alex.potter@mweb.co.za)

Fact-checker: Salome Lienert

Proofreader: Stephanie Huitson (readstephanie@ymail.com) Layout and design: Rick Jones (rick@studioexile.com) Infographics: Daly Design (studio@dalydesign.co.uk)

Printed by Gonnet in France

ISBN 978-2-940548-50-7

Copyright

Cover photo: Unconverted Ekol Special 99 with a barrel occlusion still in place, at the Swedish National Forensics Centre. Source: Glenn Lawrence/Arquebus Solutions

Florquin and King From Legal to Lethal 3

About the authors

Nicolas Florquin

is the research coordinator and a senior researcher at the Small Arms Survey. He coordinates projects on armed actors and illicit flows of arms and ammu nition in a variety of settings. He previously worked for Geneva Call, an organization specializing in engaging with non-state armed groups on humanitarian issues, and for the United Nations Group of Experts on Liberia. He holds a master's of public adminis tration from the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey.

Benjamin King

is a project manager and researcher at the Small Arms Survey. Since joining the Survey in 2010 his work has focused on the implementation and effective ness of small arms control programmes, particularly in the areas of firearms marking and stockpile management. He has conducted extensive research into converted firearms since 2014. He has a master's degree in international policy studies from the Middlebury

Institute of International Studies at Monterey.

4 Report April 2018Florquin and King From Legal to Lethal 5

Acknowledgements

A number of institutions and individuals were instrumental in making this report happen. We wish to thank in particular the team at the European Multidisciplinary Platform Against Criminal Threats (EMPACT) Firearms, especially EMPACT driver José Romero, and the forensic experts and investigators of the 11 countries who participated in our June 2017 expert workshop in Geneva. The European Network of Forensic Science Insti tutes Expert Working Group on Firearms and Gunshot Residues welcomed us at its 2016 and 2017 annual meetings, which proved to be an invaluable forum to present the project to the forensic community and solicit its members' inputs. The Permanent International Commission for the Proof of Small Arms; Bundeskriminalamt of Germany; Bundeskriminalamt of Austria; Institut national de police scientifique; Institut de recherche criminelle de la gendarmerie nationale; London Metropolitan Police Service; Service central des armes; Section centrale armes explosifs et matières sensibles; Southeast European Law Enforcement Cente; and Spanish Guardia Civil; and Spanish National Police are among the national and regional institutions that shared their val uable time to meet and discuss the firearms conversion issue with us. The list of individuals who deserve to be thanked is even longer, and we apologize for the unavoidable omissions. The following are among the colleagues and experts who shared information, provided comments on early drafts, or otherwise facilitated our work: Tomas Baum, Marie-Jacques Cantinelli, Jan de Ceuster, André Chabotier, Fayçal Chidiac, Alexandru Dena, André Desmarais, Nils Duquet, Jean-Luc Georges, Kevin Goris, Rob Hermsen, Jonas Larsson, Glenn Lawrence, Matt Lewis, Thomas Liebscher, Mark Mastaglio, Antoine Museau, Philippe Nobles, Reima Pensala, Camille Pintout, Marc Pirlot, Serge Rayne, Patrice Renaudot, Marie-Gaëlle Robles, Murray Smith, and Alice Walters. At the Survey, Paul Holtom, Sigrid Lipott, and Irene Pavesi provided substantive inputs and guidance to the project. Emilia Dungel deserves our appreciation for leading our com munications efforts and supporting our expert workshop in Geneva. We thank Carole Touraine for motivating us to make this project take off, as well as Stephanie Huitson, Rick Jones, Salome Lienert, Claire Mc Evoy, Alex Potter, Lee Hesford-Evans, and Paul Daly for their flawless contributions to the publication production process.

Florquin and King From Legal to Lethal 5

List of boxes, figures, images, and tables ........................................................................

........... 7

List of abbreviations

............................................................... 8

Executive summary

.................................................................. 9

Key findings

.................................................................................. 10

Introduction

..... 11

Definitions

........ 15

Firearms conversion 16

T ypes of readily convertible firearms 16 Non-l ethal-purpose imitation firearms 1 9 Firearms whose firing capabilities were downgraded 2 1

The threat of firearms conversion ........................................................................

............................ 25

History 26

The first decade of the 21

st century 26 T urkish-made alarm handguns 2 7 2013
onwards 3 0 Scale 32

The legal market in convertible objects

32
Seiz ures and forensic data 34
T ypes of illicit use 36
P etty crime 36

Seriou

s crime 37
T errorism 38

Contents

6 Report April 2018Florquin and King From Legal to Lethal 7

The mechanics of conversion

....................................... 39

Where does conversion take place? 40

Pr ofile of converters 4 1

Organized crime

4 1

Former employees of gun-manufacturing firms

42
Fir earms 'collectors' 42
Self -trained individuals 4 5

Smuggling patterns

4 6

Ant trafficking

4 6 Online trade and the use of parcel and postal services 47

The response

49

Regulatory measures 50

Enforcement

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