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Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical

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1 2 H uman Development Indices and Indicators:

Viet Nam's 2018 Statistical updates

Introduction

Human Development Indices and Indicators:

2018 Statistical update, released by UNDP Human

Development Report Office on 14 September 2018, aims to ensure consistency in reporting on key human development indices and statistics. It includes an analysis of the state of human development snapshots of current conditions as well as long-term trends in human development indicators.

With a comprehensive statistical annex, the data gives an overview of the state of development across

the world, looking at long-term trends in human development indicators across multiple dimensions and for every nation, the 2018 Update highlights the considerable progress, but also the persistent deprivations and disparities.

2018 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) was launched in New York on 20 September 2018 MPI,

jointly by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) at the University of Oxford and

UNDP . The data casts light on who is multidimensionally poor, where do they live and how they are

deprived across 104 developing countries, covering almost three-quarters of the global population. MPI

was used as one among measurement s of human development (to replace the Human Poverty Index) in Global Human Development Report 2010. Since the adoption of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda in 2015, MPI became an important measurement for monitoring (the indicator 1.2.2 Proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national

definitions) the progress in achieving SGD1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere, target 1.2 “By 2030,

reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its

dimensions according to national definitions"

This note

, Human Development Indices and Indicators: Viet Nam's 2018 Statistical updates, aims to share data and deeper analyses on key human development and multidimensional poverty current conditions and trends in Viet Nam in comparison with some selected countries.

More details on the Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical update can be found in:

http://hdr.undp.org/en/2018-update; Data on Human Development Indices and Indicators - from:

http://hdr.undp.org/en/data and the calculation methods and data sources - from HDR 2018 technical notes:

http://dev -hdr.pantheonsite.io/sites/default/files/hdr2018_technical_notes.pdf; and on 2018 Global MPI can be

found in: https://ophi.org.uk/; http://hdr.undp.org/; https://ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/CB_VNM-2.pdf and

3

Key Human Development Trends in Viet Nam

All data sources are from UNDP Human Development Indices and Indicators, 2018 Statistical Update- http://hdr.undp.org/en/data) Viet Nam's HDI value is only 0.006 points below the threshold of the

High Human Development Group

Viet Nam's HDI has risen continuously over the past 27 years. In 2017, the country ranked 116 th out of

189 countries (the

same rank as in 2016); it is at the upper end (among the highest fourth countries) of the medium human development category (Figure 1). Viet Nam's HDI value of 0.694 is only 0.006 points below the threshold (0.700) of the

High Human Development group.

Once Rapid, Viet Nam's Rate of Human Development Progress Slows Down

Improvement has been uneven, however. Betwee

n 1980 and 1990, the HDI rose on average a weak 0.26 percent per year, then accelerated to 2.00 percent per year between 1990 and 2000, before slowing to

1.35 percent per year between 2000-2008 and further to 0.94 percent per year since 2008 (Figure 2). The

rate of

Viet Nam's HDI

improvement was an annualized 1.41 percent between

1990 and 2017, higher

than the medium human development average of 1.24 percent, and the East Asia-Pacific average of

1.30 percent. Viet Nam's HDI slowing progress in the last decade pulled its formerly rapid human

development advancements behind those of many other countries in comparison such as China and

Philippines.

In 1990, Viet Nam's HDI value was lagging behind the East Asia-Pacific region average, by 8.1 percent.

The difference narrowed to 4.7 percent in 2008, but by 2017, had slightly widened again to 5.3 percent.

While this is partly a result of China's exceptional performance—rising from an HDI value of 0.43 (below

Viet Nam) in 1980 to 0.752 (just below the Republic of Korea and Malaysia) by 2017—it is also a result of

the better performance of other countries in comparison.

A feature of global and regional human development trends has been a levelling off since the financial

crisis in 2008. Yet Viet Nam's relative progress has been weaker, and its rate of improvement has slowed

more than in comparator countries. This suggests that the post -crisis effect, combined with internal economic weaknesses, has been more powerful in Viet Nam. 4

Figure 1: HDI values of countries in 2017

Source: UNDP Human Development Indices and Indicators, 2018 Statistical Update

0,0000,2000,4000,6000,8001,000

NigerCent. Af. Rep.South SudanChad

RwandaNigeriaZimbabweSyriaTanzaniaPapua New GuineaSolomon IslandsCameroonPakistanNepalMyanmar

Cambodia

GhanaLao PDR

Bangladesh

Bhutan

Timor-Leste

India IraqPalestineBoliviaIndonesiaViet NamEgyptPhilippinesSouth AfricaMoldovaParaguayGabonLibya

UkraineChina

Thailand

BrazilVenezuela

Sri Lanka

MexicoCuba

TurkeyCosta Rica

IranPalauBarbadosKazakhstanMalaysia

Russia

Korea (Republic of)

Japan

FinlandUKUSCanada

SingaporeHong Kong, ChinaSweden

AustraliaSwitzerlandNorway

HDI value

2017 Human Development Index

5

Figure

2: HDI increases have levelled off since the 2008 crisis

Source: UNDP Human Development Indices and Indicators, 2018 Statistical Update

0,40,50,60,70,80,91

Korea (Republic

of)

Malaysia

Thailand

China

East Asia and

Pacific

Philippines

Viet Nam

Indonesia

Medium Human

Development

6 Table 1 compares Viet Nam's HDI value, ranking and component data to those of some other countries

in East Asia- Pacific region. The selection of countries for comparison, while putting Viet Nam's HDI rank

in the middle, allows the examination of major variations in Viet Nam's performance on HDI component data.

Table 1

Where does Viet Nam stand compared to other Asian countries?

Country HDI

country ranking

HDI Life

expectancy at birth (years)

Mean years

of schooling

Expected

years of schooling

GNI per capita (2011

PPP $)

2017 2017 2017 2017 2017

China 86 .0.752 76.4 7.8 13.8 15,270

India 130 0.640 68.8 6.4 12.3 6,353

Indonesia 116 0.694 69.4 8.0 12.8 10,846

Lao People's

Democratic

Republic

139 0.601 67.0 5.2 11.2 6,070

Malaysia 57 0.802 75.5 10.2 13.7 26,107

Philippines 113 0.699 69.2 9.3 12.6 9,154

Republic of Korea 22 0.903 82.4 12.1 16.5 35,945

Thailand 83 0.755 75.5 7.6 14.7 15,516

Viet Nam 116 0.694 76.5 8.2 12.7 5,859

Very High human

development

0.894 79.5 12.2 16.4 40,041

High human

development

0.757 76.0 8.2 14.1 14,499

Medium human

development

0.645 69.1 6.7 12.0 6,849

Low human

development

0.504 60.8 4.7 9.4 2,521

East Asia and the

Pacific

0.733 74.7 7.9 13.3 13,688

World 0.728 72.7 8.4 12.7 15,295

Source: UNDP Human Development Indices and Indicators, 2018 Statistical Update Education: progress picking up but not fast enough to close the gaps

As Figure

3 reveals, Viet Nam's education index value in 1990, during its initial transition from central

planning, was among the lowest, just above the values of India and Lao PDR. Although picking up again

since then, Viet Nam has never been able to close the gap in education index value with comparator countries, including China, Philippines, Malaysia and

Thailand.

7 Figure 3: Progress on education in Viet Nam has picked up, but not fast enough to close the gaps with comparator countries Source: UNDP Human Development Indices and Indicators, 2018 Statistical Update Viet Nam's expected years of schooling below and mean years of schooling equal the average of high human development group Referring first to the education component of the HDI,

Viet Nam's

expected years of schooling 0F 1 , increased from 7.8 years in 1990 to 12.7 years in 2017 , which is comparable to the average of the medium human development countries (12.0) and the world's average (12.7), but below the average of high human development group (14.1) and similar to the value of 12.6 of the Philippines, 12.4 of India and 12.8 of

Indonesia; below the East Asia-Pacific average (13.3), Republic of Korea's 16.5, Thailand's 14.7, China's

13.8 and Malaysia's 13.7

(Figure 4 and Table 1). The recent slowing down progress on this component resulted in Viet Nam's inability to close the gap in education index with the comparator countries. 1

Expected years of schooling: number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age can expect to receive

if prevailing patterns of age specific enrolment rates persist throughout the child's life.

0,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,9

Korea (Republic of)

Malaysia

Philippines

Thailand

China

Viet Nam

Indonesia

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