The language which has had the most penetrating influence on English is French The Normans' invasion put the native inhabitants of the country in direct contact
This essay will explore the French influence on the English language, taking one present day newspaper article from each language as a starting point for
Although the roots of the English language come from different origins, such as Celtic, German, Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian, French can be regarded as the key language that has subsequently influenced the development and the complexity of the world's major “lingua franca” nowadays
Taking French into account, it is notable the great influence on English, due to the crown of Britain was ruled by Norman French for two centuries, so it is conceivable how important was that change in the English language Still nowadays, we find many Norman French words in present-day English
French Influence on the English Legal Language of the Chancery in the First Half of the Fifteenth Century Research topic The documents from the late
1 The alternative title reads: "Chapters Illustrative of the Origin and Growth of Romance Influence on the Phrasal Power of Standard English in the Formative
Brinton, Laurel J and Leslie K Arnovick 2006 The English Language A Linguistic History Oxford: Oxford University Press -table 2 Lutz, Angelika 2002
of borrowing – lexical borrowing in particular – and of contact-induced language change French influence on Middle English has drawn considerable attention
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The Influence of French
on the English Language
Grafik eingefügt werden.
Grafik eingefügt werden.
Language Change through language contact
Summer term 2015
Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. 2006. The English Language. A Linguistic History.
Oxford: Oxford University Press. -table 2
Sounds, Words, Texts and Change. Selected Papers from 11 ICEHL, Santiago de Compostela, 7-11
September 2002. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Taraneh. A.Tabari, The French Influence On The English Language Algeo, John. 2006. The Origins and Development of the English Language. Boston: Wadsworth. Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. 2006. The English Language. A Linguistic History.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_French_origin -table 1
Oxford English Dictionary
Carolin Bernklau
Minyoung Kim
Statistics Historical Backgrounds
9 was a war between Harold and William of Normandy over the successor. (Battle of Hastings) -> William of
Normandy won.
9William of Normandy strengthened the influence of
French. Ruling classes, their servants and the
bishops were Normans.
9After the Norman Conquest, England became
functionally trilingual for two centuries (English,
French, Latin).
9Decline of French
¾-> lost
connection with France
¾Henry iii employed French nobles->national
feelings against French
¾Hundred Years War (1337-1453)-> national
feelings against the use of French
¾Black Death -> working class could become
higher class -> language change
2. Spelling
¾ was first dropped from
the English alphabet, e.g. aefter, aesc, grae
¾ was introduced replacing ¾ replaces , e.g.OE cwen -> ME queen shield and sheep ¾ -> , e.g. what 1.Vocabulary ¾Early: 1100-1300 (Anglo- Norman French) About 900 words e.g. government, administer, castle, attorney, court, jury ¾Since 1250 Upper classes returned to the use of English Parisian French: standard dialect in France ¾Later: 1300-1500 (Central French) Fashion, art, architecture related words, (a wider variety) e.g. jewel, broach, sculpture, cathedral 3. Pronunciation ¾[v] and [z] became separate phonemes. ¾words with initial were pronounced with/without /h/ in Middle English. In the development of Vulgar Latin from Latin, the initial was dropped in pronunciation -> loan words taken from French have no , e.g. honor, honest, hour and heir; words of Germanic origin, e.g. hair, house, have an initial -> we can see whether a word was borrowed from French/Latin ¾ has the pronunciation [s] 4. Grammar ¾Nouns followed by adjectives. e.g. attorney general, court martial, fee simple, heir male, letters patent, proof positive 5. Affixation ¾English words have French affixes and English suffixes were also added to French loan words. ¾Prefixes: con-, de-, dis-, ex-, pre-, en-, pro-, trans- ¾Suffixes: -ee , -ance, -ant, - ation , -ment, -ism, -ity, -able 1) Comparison between Anglo- Norman French and Central French champion chandelier chestnut chevron ¾earlier with [s] and later without [s] hostel hotel (e)squire equerry ¾earlier (English stress pattern) and later (French stress pattern) móral mórale drágon dragóon 2) After 1500s ¾French Revolution: words related to revolution e.g. guillotine, aristocrat, democrat, revolutionize, liberal, conservative ¾19th century: social graces e.g. rococo, cliché, resumé, chef, fiancée, coup d'état French Influence on Middle English Examples in Literature: Canterbury Tales Aprill with his shoures soote The droghte of March hath perced to the roote, And bathed every veyne in swich licour Of which vertu engendred is the flour -The Prologue to the Canterbury Tales(Line 1-4) Aprill: c1100; Middle French: avril, Old French: avrill March: Old French: marz, mars (1119; French mars), Anglo-Norman: march Perced: Anglo-Norman: percer, Old French, Middle French percer, perser Licour: Old French: licur, licour Veyne: Old French: veine Vertu: Anglo-Norman: verteu Old French, Middle French vertu Engendred: French: engendrer Flour: Middle English: flour, flur, < Old French flour, flur, flor (French fleur) Later borrowings Date Number Date Number Before 1050 2 1301-1350 120 1051-1100 2 1351-1400 180 1101-1150 1 1401-1450 70 1151-1200 15 1451-1500 76 1201-1250 64 1501-1550 84 1251-1300 127 1551-1600 91 Table2. French Borrowings in the History of English (1000words distribution, 1601-1900:134) -Brinton 2011,249 Table1. The percentage of English words from each language group -from wikipediaquotesdbs_dbs17.pdfusesText_23
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