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EPORTRESUMES

ED 012 888

SWAHILI LANGUAGE HANDBOOK.

BY- POLOME, EDGAR C.

CENTER FOR APPLIED LINGUISTICS,

WASHINGTON, D.C.

REPORT NUMBER BR -5 -1242PUB DATE

CONTRACT OEC -2 -14 -042

EDRS PRICE

MF-41.00HC...$10.00250F.AL 000 150

DESCRIPTORS- SWAHILI, GRAMMAR, *PHONOLOGY,

*DIALECT STUDIES,*AREA STUDIES, DIACHRONIC LINGUISTICS,LITERATURE, DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS, SOCIOCULTURAL PATTERNS,CREOLES,

PIDGINS, AFRICAN CULTURE, EAST AFRICA,CONGO

THIS INTRODUCTION TO THE STRUCTURE AND

BACKGROUND OF THE

SWAHILI LANGUAGE WAS WRITTEN FOR THE NON- SPECIALIST. ALTHOUGH

THE LINGUISTIC TERMINOLOGY USED IN THEDESCRIPTION OF THELANGUAGE ASSUMES THE READER HAS HAD SOMETRAINING IN

LINGUISTICS, THIS HANDBOOK PROVIDES BASICLINGUISTIC AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC INFORMATION FOR STUDENTSOF AFRICAN CULTURE

AND INTLRMEDIATE OR ADVANCED SWAHILILANGUAGE STUDENTS ASWELL AS FOR LINGUISTS. IN AN INTRODUCTIONTO THE PRESENT

LANGUAGE SITUATION, THIS HANDBOOK EXPLAINSTHE DISTRIBUTIONAND USE OF SWAHILI AS A LINGUA FRANCA,AS A PIDGIN, AND AS AMOTHER. LANGUAGE AND EXPLAINS PRESENTUSAGE THROUGH A BRIEF

HISTORY OF THE LANGUAGE. DIALECTS OF SWAHILIARE DISCUSSEDAND RELATED LANGUAGES MENTIONED WHENRELEVANT TO SWAHILI

STRUCTURE. ALTHOUGH THE AUTHOR PLACES GREATESTEMPHASIS ONTHE STRUCTURE OF THE LANGUAGE (PHONOLOGY,MORPHOLOGY,

DERIVATION, INFLECTION, COMPLEX STRUCTURES,SYNTAX, AND

VOCABULARY), HE INCLUDES CHAPTERS ON THEWRITING SYSTEM ANDSWAHILI LITERATURE. OF SPECIAL INTERESTTO LANGUAGE TEACHERSIS A CHAPTER EXAMINING SPECIFIC POINTSOF CONTRAST BETWEENSWAHILI AND ENGLISH. THIS HANDBOOK ISALSO AVAILABLE FOR$4.50 FROM THE OFFICE OF INFORMATIONAND PUBLICATIONS, CENTERFOR APPLIED LINGUISTICS, 1717MASSACHUSETTS AVE., W.W.IWASHINGTON, D.C., 20036. (JD)

voi coco (N1 v-4 LUrA- 4.2

OE- - I

SWAHILI

LANGUAGEHANDBOOK

EDGAR C.

POLOME

U.S. DEPARTMENT

OF HEALTH,EDUCATION &WELFARE

OFFICE OF EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT

HAS BEENREPRODUCED EXACTLYAS RECEIVEDFROM THEPERSON ORORGANIZATIONORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEWOR OPINIONSSTATED DO NOTNECESSARILY REPRESENTOFFICIAL OFFICEOF EDUCATIONPOSITION ORPOLICY.

000 j50viArz.1.24,

LANGUAGE HANDBOOK SERIES

FRANK A. RICE, GENERAL EDITOR

CENTER FOR

APPLIEDLINGUISTICS: 1967

This work

was developedpursuant to acontract between theUnited StatesOffice of Educationand the Centerfor AppliedLinguistics and ispublished withthe permissionof theUnited StatesOffice of Education,Department of Health,

Education, andWelfare.

"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS

COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL

HAS BEEN GRANTED

TO ERIC AND ORGANIZATIONS

OPERATING

UNDER AGREEMENTS WITHTHE U.S. OFFICE Of

EDUCATION. FURTHERREPRODUCTION OUTSIDE

THE ERIC SYSTEMREQUIRES PERMISSION OF

THE COPYRIGHT OWNER."

Copyright @ 1967

by the Center for AppliedLinguistics

1717 MassachusettsAvenue, N.W.,Washington, D.C.20036

Library of

Congress CatalogCard Number:67-19212Printed in theUnited Statesof America

Price: $4.50t

INTRODUCTION

TO THE SERIES

Each volume in the

Language Handbook Seriesis intended to provide

an outline of the salientfeatures of a particularlanguage and asummary of the languagesituation and languageproblems of the

country or area in whichit is spoken.The scope of theseries isthe major modernlanguages of Asia andAfrica.

It is hoped thatthe handbooks willprove useful to several different kinds of

readers.One is the linguisticspecialist whois not himselfa specialist in the particularlanguage treated,

e.g., an Arabist who isinterested in Swahili.Another is the stu- dent who is pastthe beginningstages of his study andwho wishes to have a concise andcondensed generalpicture of the language and its setting.A third reader isthe area specialist,e.g., a sociologist, who wishesto know basic linguisticor sociolinguistic facts about the area.The handbooksare not designed toserve as instructional materialsfor the language inquestion, norare they intended as a guideto localustoms or culturaldifferences orthe like.

There has been

some attempt to hold thehandbooks toa sug- gested generalframework so as togive the seriessome uniformity, but in practice theindividual studiesvary considerably, both because of the differencesof approach of theindividual authors

and the range andvariety of problemsof the individuallanguages.In general, each authorin his ownway treats the followingmattersthe language in itssocial and historicalsetting, its linguistic

structure, its writingsystem (as appropriate),its points ofcon-trast with English, sndits literature.The description ofthe

linguistic structurehas provided thegreatest problem inpresen-tation.The authors have madea serious effort to avoidexcessiveuse of technical linguisticterminology butnevertheless a certain

amount of linguisticsophistication on thepart of the readermustbe assumed.Given the status ofmodern linguisticsas a discipline

INTRODUCTION TO THE SERIES

it has not seemed wise to attempt to write in a popularized style. The language handbooks represent a new kind of venture in the field of applied linguistics.

It is probable that some portions

or aspects of the various studies will be found inadequate or of little value, but the authors and the editor are confident that the series as a whole represents a useful step in the application of linguistic knowledge to practical language problems.

Frank A. Rice

Director, Office of Information and Publications

Center for Applied Linguistics

vi "'11 i"C4w.JAISHIN PIC

SWAHILI LANGUAGE HANDBOOK

PREFACE

THIS IS

an introductionto Swahilifor thenon-specialist.Itaims atsupplyingcomprehensiveinformationabout thevariousaspects of thelanguage withdue regardto its culturalback-ground.It doesnot intendto givean exhaustivedescriptionofthestructure ofSwahili, butrather triesto emphasizeits mostcharacteristicfeatures.Though itsdata haveessentiallybeenelaboratedfrom asynchronicpoint ofview, adiachronicperspec-tive hasbeen introducedwhenever itappearedto throwmore lighton complexdescriptiveproblems,especially inthe fieldof mor-phophonemics.The formof languagedescribed hereis thespokenform usedby cultivatedSwahilispeakers inZanzibar andalongthe Mrimacoast, though,occasionally,forms andpatterns whichfonly survivein thewrittenliterarylanguage havebeen included

'-1in thedescription.

The model

of Bantugrammar establishedby A.E.Meeussen inhis Essaide GrammaireRundi(Tervuren,1959)was takenas a ilguide for

the layoutof mystructuralsketch.The Swahilimate-rial isbased on theavailablecurrentliterature,grammaticaldescriptionsand lexicaldata referredto ire thebibliographicalnotes, as wellas on personalfield-notesgathered inCentral andEast Africa.For thecollection ofthese dataand thediscussionon the relevantmaterial, Iam greatlyindebted toa number ofdistinguishedSwahilispeakers,particularlySheik SalumM. Kombo,of Dares Salaam,representativefor Tanganyikaat the EastAfri-can SwahiliCommittee; M.Hatibu, ofDar esSalaam,inspector-fl

general of

Swahili forTanganyika;Sheik ShaabanS. Farsi,ofZanzibar,representativeof Zanzibarat the EastAfrican SwahiliCommittee; SheikHamed Ali,luwali ofTanga; GilbertMwakalukwa,of Dares Salaam;R. Mwajombe,of Peramiho(Songea); AliHassanMwini, AliHassan Mohammed,MuhamedBashrahil, andAbdulla AmorAli, ofZanzibar;FredericKuziwa, andCharlesSemwaiko, ofMoheza;

Ali Omar Yahya, and Shihabuddin Chiraghdin, of

Mombasa, as well

as the numerous school-teachers whose speech I taped during a research trip in East Africa.

I also wish to thank the experts

on Swahili from whose advise

I profited, especially H.E. Lambert

(Nairobi), J.W.T. Allen (Kampala), Professor Lyndon Harries (London/Madison, Wisconsin), Professor W.H. Whiteley (Dar es

Salaam /Madison, Wisconsin), Jan Knappert (Dar es

Salaam/London),

Graham Hyslop (Nairobi), and Peter Hill (Mpwapwa).

It is a further pleasure to express my sincere

appreciation for the stimulating and constructive suggestions made by Lyndon

Harries, A.E. Meeussen and W.P. Lehmann, who read

this book in manuscript. Besides, I owe L. Harries special thanks for allow- ing me to make generous use of his authoritative book on Swahili poetry. My sincere gratitude also goes to W. Lehn, who was most helpful in solving problems arising from the interpretation of loanwords from Arabic, and to H. Der-Houssikian and G.

Matumo,

who were of constant assistance in editing the final text.Last but not least, I would like to express my sincere thanks to

Frank A. Rice for the splendid editorial work he

has done on the book.

Edgar C. Polome

University of Texas

December 1963/May 1966

SELECT

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A considerable

literature is availableon Swahili.Most of ithas been listedin A LinguisticBibliography of EastAfrica,compiled by W.H.Whiteley and A.E.Gutkind, and publishedby theEast African SwahiliCommittee (revisededition, Kampala,1958).Valuable bibliographicaldata are also suppliedby G. Van Buickin Les RecherchesLinguistiques au CongoBeige (InstitutRoyalColonial Beige,Section des SciencesMorales et Politiques,

Memoires, Collection

in 8°, Tome XVI;Brussels, 1940),pp. 689-700.The most recentand comprehensivesurvey of Swahili lin-

guistic literatureis the Practicaland SystematicalSwahili Bibliography Linguistics1850-1963, compiledby Marcel Van

Spaandonck (Leiden,E.J. Brill, 1965).

Though the relevant

literature concerningthe variousas-pects of the languageis mentioned inbibliographical notes

following each chapterof this book,it may be usefulto listhere the mainsources for further studyof Swahili.

A . GRAMMARS

E.O. Ashton,

Swahili Grammar(Including Intonation),London,Longmans, 1944 (2nded., 1947;often reprinted).The bestpracticalgrammar available inEnglish.

Alfons Loogman,Swahili Grammarand Syntax,Pittsburgh, DuquesneUniversity Press,1965 (DuquesneStudies, AfricanSeries,Vol. 1).A systematicclassification ofreliable linguisticdata, witha not alwayssuccessful attemptat originalityofanalysis.

C. Sacleux,

Grammaire swahilie,Paris, Procuredes Peres duSaint Esprit, 1909.An attempt ata comprehensivedescriptionof kiUnguja(Zanzibar dialect),completed byan excellentsur-vey of the otherdialects in hisGrammaire desdialectesswahilis (Paris,1909).

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

Edward Steere, A Handbook

of the Swahili Language asSpoken at

Zanzibar, London, Society for

Promoting Christian Knowledge,

1870.

The earliest extensivedescription of kiUnguja in

English, a third, revised

and enlarged edition of which was published by A.C. Madan (London,

1884), after the author's

death. A fourth, thoroughlyrevised edition by A.B. Hellier was first published in 1943, and is stillcurrently used as a reference grammar by students of Swahili.

B. DICTIONARIES

L. Krapf, A Dictionary of

the Swahili Language, London,TrUbner and Co., 1882.

The first comprehensiveSwahili-English lexi-

con, still most valuable for the cultural datasupplied in connection with numerous lexical items.

[PDF] [PDF] SWAHILI LANGUAGE HANDBOOK