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Elements of Computing Systems, Nisan & Schocken, MIT Press, www.nand2tetris.org, Chapter 4: Machine Languageslide 1

www.nand2tetris.orgBuilding a Modern Computer From First Principles

Machine (Assembly) Language

Elements of Computing Systems, Nisan & Schocken, MIT Press, www.nand2tetris.org, Chapter 4: Machine Languageslide 2

Where we are at:

Assembler

Chapter 6

H.L. Language

Operating Sys.

abstract interface

Compiler

Chapters 10 - 11

VM TranslatorChapters 7 - 8

Computer

ArchitectureChapters 4 - 5

Gate Logic

Chapters 1 - 3

Electrical

Engineering

Physics

Virtual

Machine

abstract interface

Software

hierarchy

Assembly

Language

abstract interface

Hardware

hierarchy

Machine

Language

abstract interface

Hardware

Platform

abstract interface

Chips &

Logic Gates

abstract interface Human

Thought

Abstract design

Chapters 9, 12

Elements of Computing Systems, Nisan & Schocken, MIT Press, www.nand2tetris.org, Chapter 4: Machine Languageslide 3

Machine language

Abstraction - implementation duality:Machine language ( = instruction set) can be viewed as a programmer-

oriented abstraction of the hardware platform The hardware platform can be viewed as a physical means for realizing the machine language abstraction

Elements of Computing Systems, Nisan & Schocken, MIT Press, www.nand2tetris.org, Chapter 4: Machine Languageslide 4

Machine language

Abstraction - implementation duality:Machine language ( = instruction set) can be viewed as a programmer-

oriented abstraction of the hardware platform The hardware platform can be viewed as a physical means for realizing the machine language abstraction Another duality:Binary version:0001 0001 0010 0011 (machine code)

Symbolic versionADD R1, R2, R3 (assembly)

Elements of Computing Systems, Nisan & Schocken, MIT Press, www.nand2tetris.org, Chapter 4: Machine Languageslide 5

Machine language

Abstraction - implementation duality:Machine language ( = instruction set) can be viewed as a programmer-

oriented abstraction of the hardware platform The hardware platform can be viewed as a physical means for realizing the machine language abstraction

Another duality:Binary version

Symbolic version

Loose definition:

Machine language = an agreed-upon formalism for manipulating a memory using a processor and a set of registers Same spirit but different syntax across different hardware platforms. ALU combinational

Memory

state

Elements of Computing Systems, Nisan & Schocken, MIT Press, www.nand2tetris.org, Chapter 4: Machine Languageslide 6

Lecture plan

Machine languages at a glance

The Hack machine language:

Symbolic version

Binary version

Perspective

(The assembler will be covered in chapter 6).

Elements of Computing Systems, Nisan & Schocken, MIT Press, www.nand2tetris.org, Chapter 4: Machine Languageslide 7

Typical machine language commands (3 types)

ALU operations

Memory access operations

(addressing mode: how to specify operands)

Immediate addressing, LDA R1, 67// R1=67

Direct addressing, LD R1, 67// R1=M[67]

Indirect addressing, LDI R1, R2// R1=M[R2]

Flow control operations

Elements of Computing Systems, Nisan & Schocken, MIT Press, www.nand2tetris.org, Chapter 4: Machine Languageslide 8

Typical machine language commands

(a small sample) // In what follows R1,R2,R3 are registers, PC is program counter, // and addr is some value.

ADD R1,R2,R3 // R1 R2 + R3

ADDI R1,R2,addr // R1 R2 + addr

AND R1,R1,R2 // R1 R1 and R2 (bit-wise)

JMP addr // PC addr

JEQ R1,R2,addr // IF R1 == R2 THEN PC addr ELSE PC++

LOAD R1, addr // R1 RAM[addr]

STORE R1, addr // RAM[addr] R1

NOP // Do nothing

// Etc. - some 50-300 command variants

Elements of Computing Systems, Nisan & Schocken, MIT Press, www.nand2tetris.org, Chapter 4: Machine Languageslide 9

The Hack computer

A 16-bit machine consisting of the following elements:

Data memory:RAM- an addressable sequence of registersInstruction memory:ROM- an addressable sequence of registersRegisters:D, A, M, where M stands forRAM[A] Processing:ALU, capable of computing various functionsProgram counter:PC, holding an addressControl: The ROMis loaded with a sequence of 16-bit instructions, one per memory

location, beginning at address 0. Fetch-execute cycle: later Instruction set: Two instructions: A-instruction, C-instruction.

Elements of Computing Systems, Nisan & Schocken, MIT Press, www.nand2tetris.org, Chapter 4: Machine Languageslide 10

The Hack computer

A 16-bit machine consisting of the following elements:

Computer

reset

Keyboard

Screen

Elements of Computing Systems, Nisan & Schocken, MIT Press, www.nand2tetris.org, Chapter 4: Machine Languageslide 11

The Hack computer

A 16-bit machine consisting of the following elements: Both memory chips are 16-bit wide and have 15-bit address space. Data

Memory

(Memory) instruction CPU

Instruction

Memory

(ROM32K) inM outMaddressMwriteM pc reset

Elements of Computing Systems, Nisan & Schocken, MIT Press, www.nand2tetris.org, Chapter 4: Machine Languageslide 12

The Hack computer

A 16-bit machine consisting of the following elements: ALU Mux D Mux reset inM addressM pc outM A/M instruction decode C C C C C D A PC C C AA A M

ALU output

writeM C C

Elements of Computing Systems, Nisan & Schocken, MIT Press, www.nand2tetris.org, Chapter 4: Machine Languageslide 13

The A-instruction

@value // A value Where value is either a number or a symbol referring to some number.

Used for:Entering a constant value

( A value) @17 // A = 17

D = A // D = 17

Coding example:

@17 // A = 17

D = M // D = RAM[17]

Selecting a

RAM location ( register RAM[A]) @17 // A = 17

JMP // fetch the instruction

// stored in ROM[17]

Selecting a

ROM location ( PC= A ) Why A-instruction? It is impossible to pack both addr and instr into 16 bits.

Elements of Computing Systems, Nisan & Schocken, MIT Press, www.nand2tetris.org, Chapter 4: Machine Languageslide 14

The C-instruction

(first approximation)

Exercise: Implement the following tasks

using Hack commands:

SetDtoA-1

Set bothAandDtoA + 1

SetDto19

Set bothAandDtoA + D

SetRAM[5034]toD - 1

SetRAM[53]to171

Add 1 toRAM[7], and store the result inD dest= x+ y dest= x-y dest= x dest= 0 dest= 1 dest= -1 x {A D M} y {A D M 1} dest {A D M MD AM AD AMD null}

Elements of Computing Systems, Nisan & Schocken, MIT Press, www.nand2tetris.org, Chapter 4: Machine Languageslide 15

The C-instruction

(first approximation)

Exercise: Implement the following tasks

using Hack commands: 1.

SetDtoA-1

2.

Set bothAandDtoA + 1

3.

SetDto19

4.

Set bothAandDtoA + D

5.

SetRAM[5034]toD - 1

6.

SetRAM[53]to171

7. Add 1 toRAM[7], and store the result inD

1. D = A-1

2. AD=A+1

3. @19

D=A

4. AD=A+D

5. @5034

M=D-1

6. @171

D=A @53 M=D 7. @7 D=M+1

Elements of Computing Systems, Nisan & Schocken, MIT Press, www.nand2tetris.org, Chapter 4: Machine Languageslide 16

The C-instruction

(first approximation) j 3012 sum 4500 q 3812 arr 20561 Symbol table: (All symbols and values are arbitrary examples)

Exercise: Implement the following tasks

using Hack commands: sum = 0 j = j + 1 q = sum + 12 - j arr[3] = -1 arr[j] = 0 arr[j] = 17 etc. dest= x+ y dest= x-y dest= x dest= 0 dest= 1 dest= -1 x {A D M} y {A D M 1} dest {A D M MD AM AD AMD null}

Elements of Computing Systems, Nisan & Schocken, MIT Press, www.nand2tetris.org, Chapter 4: Machine Languageslide 17

The C-instruction

(first approximation)

Exercise: Implement the following tasks

using Hack commands: 1. sum = 0 2. j = j + 1 3. q = sum + 12 - j 4. arr[3] = -1 5. arr[j] = 0 6. arr[j] = 17 7. etc.

1. @sum

M=0 2. @j M=M+1

3. @sum

D=M @12 D=D+A @j D=D-M @q

M=D 4. @arr

D=A @3 A=D+A M=-1 5. @j D=M @arr A=A+D

M=06. @j

D=M @arr D=A+D @ptr M=D @17 D=A @ptr A=M M=D

Elements of Computing Systems, Nisan & Schocken, MIT Press, www.nand2tetris.org, Chapter 4: Machine Languageslide 18

Control

(focus on the yellow chips only) ALU Mux D A/M a-bit

D register

A registerA

M

RAM(selected

register)ROM(selected register) PC

Instruction

In the Hack architecture:

ROM= instruction memory

Program = sequence of 16-bit

numbers, starting at

ROM[0]

Current instruction = ROM[PC]

To select instruction

n from the ROM, we set Ato n , using the instruction @n address input address input

Elements of Computing Systems, Nisan & Schocken, MIT Press, www.nand2tetris.org, Chapter 4: Machine Languageslide 19

Coding examples

(practice)

Exercise: Implement the following

tasks using Hack commands: goto50 ifD==0goto112 ifD<9goto507 ifRAM[12]>0goto50 ifsum>0gotoEND ifx[i]<=0gotoNEXT. sum2200 x4000 i6151 END50

NEXT120

Symbol table:

(All symbols and values in are arbitrary examples)

Hack commands:A-command:@value//setAtovalue

C-command:dest

comp jump//dest=and;jump //areoptional

Where:

comp=0 1 Ͳ1 D A !D !A ͲD ͲA D+1 A+1

DͲ1

AͲ1

D+A

DͲA

AͲD

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