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Compact

Oxford English

Dictionary

for University and

College Students

Edited by

Catherine Soanes

with Sara Hawker 1 Compact-Stu prelims P7.1 17/5/06 11:51 am Page i chloroformnouna sweet-smelling liquid used as a solvent and formerly as a general anaesthetic. -originfrom chlorine+ formic acid. chlorophyll/klo-ruh-fil/nouna green pigment which enables plants to absorb light so as to provide energy for photosynthesis. -originfrom Greek khl¯oros'green" + phullon 'leaf". chloroplast/klo-ruh-plahst/nouna structure in green plant cells which contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place. -originfrom Greek khl¯oros'green" + plastos 'formed". chocaholicnounvariant spelling of chocoholic. choccynoun(pl.choccies ) informalchocolate, or a chocolate sweet.choc icenounBrit.a small bar of ice cream with a thin coating of chocolate. chocknouna wedge or block placed against a wheel to prevent it from moving. -originOld French çoche. chock-a-blockadjectiveinformal, chiefly Brit. completely full of people or things pressed close together. -originfirst in nautical use, with reference to tackle having two blocks (pulleys) running close together. chock-fulladjectiveinformalfilled to overflowing. -originunknown. chocoholic(also chocaholic) nouninformala person who is very fond of chocolate. chocolatenoun1a food made from roasted and ground cacao seeds, eaten as a sweet or mixed with milk and water to make a drink.

2a sweet made of or covered with chocolate.

3a deep brown colour.

-derivativeschocolatey(also chocolaty) adjective. -originNahuatl. chocolate-boxadjectiveBrit.(of a view or picture) pretty in a conventional or idealized way. chocolatier/chok-uh-lat-i-er/noun(pl. pronounced same) a person who makes or sells chocolate. -originFrench. choicenoun1an act of choosing. 2the right or ability to choose. 3a range from which to choose: a menu offering a wide choice of dishes.

4a person or thing that has or can be chosen:

this disk drive is the perfect choice for your computer. •adjective1of very good quality.

2(of language) rude and abusive.

-phrases of choicechosen as one"s favourite or the best: champagne was his drink of choice. -originOld French chois.choirnoun1an organized group of singers, especially one that takes part in church services. 2the part of a large church between the altar and the nave, used by the choir and clergy. -originOld French quer, from Latin chorus. choirboy(or choirgirl) nouna boy (or girl) who sings in a church or cathedral choir. chokeverb1prevent someone from breathing by squeezing or blocking their throat or depriving them of air. 2have troublebreathing. 3fill a space so as to make movement difficult or impossible: the roads were choked with traffic.4( choke something back ) suppress a strong emotion: she choked back tears of rage.5( choke up or be choked up ) feel tearful or very upset. •nouna valve in the carburettor of a petrol engine used to reduce the amount of air in the fuel mixture. -originOld English. chokernouna necklace or band of fabric which fits closely round the neck. chokeynounBrit. informal, datedprison. -originHindi, 'customs house, police station". chokyadjective1having or causing difficulty in breathing. 2having difficulty speaking as a result of strong emotion. form of vitamin D (vitamin D 3 ), produced naturally in the skin by the action of sunlight. -originfrom Greek khol¯e'gall, bile" + calciferol. choler/kol-uh /noun1(in medieval science and medicine) one of the four bodily humours, believed to be associated with an irritable temperament. 2old useanger or bad temper. -originfrom Greek khol¯e'bile".cholera/kol-uh-ruh/nounan infectious disease of the small intestine which causes severe vomiting and diarrhoea. -originLatin, 'diarrhoea, bile". choleric/kol-uh-rik/adjectivebad-tempered or irritable. cholesterol/kuh-less-tuh-rol/nouna compound which occurs normally in most body tissues and is believed to lead to disease of the arteries if present in high concentrations in the blood (e.g. as a result of a diet high in animal fat). -originfrom Greek khol¯e'bile" + stereos'stiff". chompverbmunch or chew food noisily or vigorously. -originimitating the sound.chook/chuuk/nouninformal, chiefly Austral./NZa hen or chicken. -originprobably from English dialect chuck 'chicken". chooseverb(pastchose; past part.chosen) 1pick someone or something out as being the best of two or more alternatives. 2decide on a course of action: the men chose to ignore his orders. -originOld English. choosyadjective(choosier, choosiest) informal very careful when making a choice and so hard to please. -derivatives choosinessnoun. chop1verb(chops, chopping, chopped) 1cut something into pieces with repeated sharp, heavy blows of an axe or knife. 2strike something with a short, heavy blow. 3get rid of something or reduce it by a large amount: the share price was chopped from 50p to 21p.•noun1a thick slice of meat, especially pork or lamb, next to and usually including a rib. 2a downward cutting blow or movement. 3( the chop ) Brit. informaldismissal from employment, or the cancellation of a plan or project. -originvariant of chap1. chop2verb(chops, chopping, chopped) (in phrase chop and change) Brit. informalrepeatedly change one"s opinions or behaviour. chloroform|chop168 c -originperhaps related to cheap. chop-chopadverb & exclamationquickly. -originpidgin English. choppernoun1a short axe with a large blade.

2informala helicopter. 3(

choppers) informal teeth. 4informala type of motorcycle with high handlebars. choppy(choppier, choppiest) adjective(of the sea) having many small waves. -derivatives choppinessnoun. chopsplural nouninformala person"s or animal"s mouth, jaws, or cheeks. -originunknown. chopsticknouneach of a pair of thin, tapered sticks held in one hand and used as eating utensils by the Chinese and Japanese. -originpidgin English, from a Chinese dialect word meaning 'nimble ones". chop suey/chop soo-i/nouna Chinese-style dish of meat with bean sprouts, bamboo shoots, and onions. -originChinese, 'mixed bits". choraladjectiverelating to or sung by a choir or chorus. -derivatives chorallyadverb. choralenouna simple, stately hymn tune for a choir or chorus. -originfrom Latin cantus choralis. chord1nouna group of three or more musical notes sounded together in harmony. -derivatives chordaladjective. -originfrom accord.

USAGE:Do not confuse chordwith cord.

Chordmeans 'a group of musical notes' (an E

major chord), whereas cordmeans 'thin string or rope' or 'a part of the body resembling string or rope' (the spinal cord). chord2nouna straight line joining the ends of an arc. -phrases strike (or touch)a chordsay or do something that arouses sympathy, enthusiasm, etc. in others. -origina later spelling of cord. chordate/kor-dayt/nounan animal of a large group, including all the vertebrates, which have a skeletal rod of cartilage supporting the body. -originfrom Latin chorda'rope". chorenouna routine or boring task, especially a household one. -originfrom former charor chare'an odd job". chorea/ko-ri-uh/nouna disorder of the nervous system characterized by uncontrollable jerky movements. -originGreek khoreia'dancing together". choreograph/ko-ri-uh-grahf/verbcompose the sequence of steps and moves for a ballet or other dance. choreographer/ko-ri-og-ruh-fer/nouna person who designs the steps and movements for a ballet or other dance. choreography/ko-ri-og-ruh-fi/noun1the sequence of steps and movements in a ballet or other dance. 2the art of designing such sequences. -derivatives choreographicadjective. -originfrom Greek khoreia'dancing together". chorine/kor-een/nouna chorus girl. choristernouna member of a church choir. -originOld French cueriste. chorizo/chuh-ree-zoh/noun(pl.chorizos) a spicy Spanish pork sausage. -originSpanish. chortleverblaugh loudly with pleasure or amusement. •nouna loud laugh of pleasure or amusement. -origincoined by Lewis Carroll in Through the Looking-Glass; probably a blend of chuckle and snort. chorusnoun(pl.choruses) 1a part of a song which is repeated after each verse. 2a piece of choral music, especially one forming part of an opera or oratorio. 3a large group of singers performing with an orchestra. 4a group of singers or dancers in a musical or an opera.

5(in ancient Greek tragedy) a group of

performers who comment on the main action of the play. 6something said at the same time by many people. •verb(choruses, chorusing, chorused) (of a group of people) say the same thing at the same time. -originLatin, from Greek khoros. chorus girlnouna young woman who sings or dances in the chorus of a musical. chosepast of choose. chosenpast participle of choose. choucroute/shoo-kroot/nounsauerkraut. -originFrench. chough/chuff/nouna black bird of the crow family with a red or yellow bill. -originprobably imitating its call. choux pastry/shoo/nounvery light pastry made with egg, used for eclairs and profiteroles. -originfrom French chou'cabbage, rosette". chow/chow/noun1informalfood. 2(also chow chow ) a Chinese breed of dog with a tail curled over its back, a bluish-black tongue, and a thick coat. -originfrom pidgin English chow chow'mixed pickle". chowdernouna rich soup containing fish, clams, or corn with potatoes and onions. -originperhaps from French chaudière'stew pot". chow mein/chow mayn/nouna Chinese-style dish of fried noodles with shredded meat or seafood and vegetables. -originChinese, 'stir-fried noodles". chrism/kri-z"m/nouna consecrated oil used for anointing in rites such as baptism in the

Catholic, Orthodox, and Anglican Churches.

-originGreek khrisma'anointing". Christnounthe title given to Jesus. •exclamation used to express irritation, dismay, or surprise. -derivatives

ChristlikeadjectiveChristlyadjective.

-originGreek Khristos'anointed one". christenverb1name a baby at baptism as a sign of admission to a Christian Church.

2informaluse something for the first time.

-derivatives christeningnoun. -originOld English, 'make Christian".

Christendomnounliterarythe worldwide body

of Christians.

Christianadjectiverelating to or believing in

Christianity or its teachings.

•nouna person chop-chop|Christian169 c 3637
er h ts ory ion

2.1 College

This section provides an introduction to some of thea main types of writing that you will encounter at caollege and university. It will help you to prepare well-planned essays, reports, summaries, and other assignments, and also offers useful advice on note-taking, referencing, and plagiarism.7

Essays and dissertations

As a student, you will find that it isa essential to master tahe skill of writing well-reasoned, articulate, and well-presented essays. You will usually need to writea essays as part of your coursework and in exams, and you may also be required to submit a disseratation (also called an extended essayor a thesis) in order to achieve a degree or similar qualification. As you progress in your course of study, you will realize that, in addition to being crucial to gaaining good grades and therefore a good qualification, successfaul essay-writing is also vitaal to successful learning. Once you have developed the ability to aanalyse an issue, research it, outline an argument and aconsider opposing arguaments in a coherent way, give evidence for your viewpoint, and reach a conclusion, you should have gained a much clearer understanding of your subject in the process. You will also find that asuch skills will stand ayou in good stead in your working life.Coursework essays The main purpose of aan essay is to provide a formal framework which will enable your tutors to assess yaour ability to construact a reasoned argument and to evaluate your understanding of an aaspect of your subject. You are likely to be asked to write essays as part of your coursework or in an exam (therae is more information on Writing in

Examson page 53).

It is likely that you will need to complaete a number of essays during a course of study. Many tutors will give you instructions as to tahe length of an essay, and you should follow a structured format; you will find guidelines on this ina the Writing the essaysection below. Of course, different subjects require different approaches; there is no one way of writing in higher edaucation and tutors may often have their own ideas

as to what constitutes aa good essay. If you are unsure as to what isOUP.180 Student cmat P4 v.1 17/5/06 11:55 am Page 37

Effective writing for college and career3839

expected of you, it is a good idea ato discuss what your tutor is looking for in your writing before you begin. The following guidelines are intended to serve as a general model for essays which can be adapted to the specific needs ofa your course. Writing an essay can be thought of asa a process, and as such you may find it helpful to break down the task of essay-writing into a number of stages. Here is a suggested apparoach to follow.

Planning your time

Writing is a complex daevelopmental process as well as a final product and everyone constructs an essay in different ways. Some students find that they have actually to start wraiting a first draft before they have a concept of what the finaal essay will be like, in order to discover what they are thinking. Others finda that they can make notes and construct a plan from those notes at an earalier stage in their athinking. Whatever kind of a writer yaou are, writing a schedule or action plan for each essay will help you to manage your time. The following example of a schedule gives you an outline of the tyapes of activities you need to consider and it is paraticularly useful for someone who is ablae to prepare an essay in specific stages.

WEEK/DATEACTIVITY NOTES

7-8 NovemberPreparation: think about Appointment 10.30 am on

question/discuss with tutor/ Monday 7th assemble reading list

9-18 NovemberLibrary and other research Need to book Simpson and Jarvis

textbooks from Restricted Loan (try Thursday or Friday pm)

18/19 NovemberAssemble all notes/materials; write essay plan.

20-25 NovemberWrite essay Two drafts; leave gap between

1 and 2

26 NovemberFinal read through; final **Check references/bibliography. tweaks if necessary. Ask Anna or Mark to read essay

too if they have time!

27 NovemberHand in essay

As you become more experienced in acadeamic study you will come to develop your own learning style and abe able to assess how long you need to spend on these tasksa. However, you should always leave yourself plenty of time for preparing and completinga the essay.

Understanding the eslsay question

As your first step in preparing for the essay, take some time to think about what the question ameans and what you are being asked to do. You may think that the questiaon looks straightforward and want to charge straight in and begin reading, or even writing a first draft of your essay. Altho to gra essay the ri Essay they o and to quest INSTR analyse assess/ to wha compa contra describ discuss explor One w under impor highl your t

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