25 jui 2020 · maintains an ongoing interest in U S -Mexico trade and investment relations, States International Trade Commission (USITC) Interactive Tariff
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Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.govRL32934
U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and ImplicationsCongressional Research Service
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U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and ImplicationsCongressional Research Service
U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and ImplicationsCongressional Research Service
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U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and ImplicationsCongressional Research Service 1
1 2 31 See CRS In Focus IF10047, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), by M. Angeles Villarreal, and CRS
Report R42965, The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), by M. Angeles Villarreal and Ian F. Fergusson.
2 See CRS Report R44981, NAFTA and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), by M. Angeles
Villarreal and Ian F. Fergusson.
3 Some economists contend that using nominal exchange rates to convert foreign currency into U.S. dollars for
comparing gross domestic product (GDP) may not be the most accurate measurement because prices vary from country
to country. Purchasing power parity (PPP) factors in price differences to reflect the actual purchasing power of
currencies relative to the dollar in real terms. U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and ImplicationsCongressional Research Service 2
4 Table 1. Key Economic Indicators for Mexico and the United StatesMexico United States
2009 2019a 2009 2019
Population (millions) 113 128 306 329
Nominal GDP (US$ billions)b 900 2,614 14,449 21,427 Nominal GDP, PPPc Basis (US$ billions) 1,637 2,614 14,449 21,427Per Capita GDP (US$) 8,003 9,868 47,171 65,115
Per Capita GDP in $PPPs 14,558 20,490 47,171 65,115Nominal exports of goods & services (US$
billions)230 461 1,056 1,645
Exports of goods & services as % of GDPd 27% 39% 11% 12%Nominal imports of goods & services (US$
billions)234 455 2,383 2,915
Imports of goods & services as % of GDPd 29% 39% 14% 15% Source: Compiled by CRS based on data from Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) online database. a. Some figures for 2019 are estimates.b. Nominal GDP is calculated by EIU based on figures from World Bank and World Development Indicators.
c. PPP refers to purchasing power parity, which reflects the purchasing power of foreign currencies in U.S.
dollars. d. Exports and Imports as % of GDP derived by EIU.4 The World Bank utilizes a method for classifying world economies based on gross national product (GNP). Mexico is
one of 59 economies classified as upper-middle-income, or countries which have a per capita GNP of $3,996 to
$12,375 per year (FY2020). The United States is one of 80 economies classified as a high-income, or countries which
have a per capita GNP of more than $12,375 per year. U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and ImplicationsCongressional Research Service 3
5Figure 1. U.S. Trade with Mexico: 1999-2019
(U.S. $ in millions)Source: Compiled by CRS using the United States International Trade Commission (USITC) Interactive Tariff
and Trade DataWeb at http://dataweb.usitc.gov. 65 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis interactive statistics, available at http://www.bea.gov.
6 Transportation equipment imports include motor vehicles ($70.7 billion) and motor vehicle parts ($50.6 billion).
U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and ImplicationsCongressional Research Service 4
Figure 2. U.S. Imports from Mexico: 2015-2019
Source: Compiled by CRS using USITC Interactive Tariff and Trade DataWeb at http://dataweb.usitc.govNotes: Nominal U.S. dollars.
7Figure 3. U.S. Exports to Mexico: 2015-2019
Source: Compiled by CRS using USITC Interactive Tariff and Trade DataWeb at http://dataweb.usitc.gov.
Notes: Nominal U.S. dollars.
7 Transportation equipment exports include motor vehicle parts ($20.7 billion), aerospace products ($4.3 billion), and
motor vehicle bodies ($3.6 billion) U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and ImplicationsCongressional Research Service 5
Figure 4. U.S. and Mexican Foreign Direct Investment Positions1999-2018 Historical Cost Basis by Country of UBO
Source: Compiled by CRS using data from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Notes: The Ultimate Beneficial Owner (UBO) is the entity, proceeding up the foreign ownership chain, which is
not more than 50 percent owned by another entity. The UBO is the entity that ultimately owns or controls and
thus ultimately derives the benefits and assumes the risks from owning or controlling an affiliate. U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and ImplicationsCongressional Research Service 6
8 9 108 Lorenzo Caliendo and Fernando Parro, Estimates of the Trade and Welfare Effects of NAFTA, National Bureau of
Economic Research, November 2012, pp. 1-5.
9 Dudley Althaus and Christina Rogers, Wall Street Journal, "Donald Trump's NAFTA Plan Would Confront
Globalized Auto Industry," November 10, 2016.
10 Ibid.
U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and ImplicationsCongressional Research Service 7
Figure 5. U.S.-Merchandise Trade by Product (2019)Source: Compiled by CRS using U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC) Interactive Tariff and Trade