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880AmericanAnthropologist•Vol.118,No. 4•December2016
trades,"whichIfindconfus ing:Canonereall ysp eakofself - invasion?)ofnewtradessuchasthepr odu ctiona ndsaleof paintingsandnew typesofgarments. But,hereagain, the relianceonlocalconnectio nsa ndcollaboratio nsandhence theinabilityto moveoperations tonewlocalities generally donotpermit prosperousactorsto expandtheirenterprises beyondacertain point.Tobe sure, theauthors'argument thatprosperousactors ultimatelycontributeto thewelfare oftheentireindustry - becausetheiractivitiesasmiddlemen expandthemarketas awhole - co mesdangerouslyclos eto trickle-down"Reaganomics."Neverthel ess,thedifferences necessarilybasedondifferentialacc esstocapitalnor onb e- inginiti atorsofinnovations;thus,unlike int rickle-down Reaganomics,advancement isactuallyquite opentomany actors.Awinner-take-all economy,then,does notnegate thebenefitsof cooperationina commons.
Theauthors'interest intherole ofthecommons in
smallenterprisesleads themto complementtheirs tudies ofindigenouscraft enterpriseswiths mall-scaleindustrial productionofgarments inthemestizo townofAtuntaqui. theisolat edfamilybusinesses,found edbytheworkers who hadlosttheir jobs,prospered asaresult ofagovernment- sponsoredprogramofinnovatio nandmutualcollaborat ion , onlytoretur ntomut ualisolationwheni ndivid ualfirms madedealswith large-scaleclientsthat leftlittleroom for withthequest ionofwhet her,inthelongrun,indigen ou s enterprisesare moreaptto involvesharingresources than thosedominatedby mestizos - aquestionwhose answeri s entrepreneursand viceversa. Allinall, Fast,Easy,and inC ashisawelcome breathof freshair inthes tudyofartisans.
REFERENCECITED
Colloredo-Mansfeld,Rudi
2009FightingLike aCommunity: AndeanCivil Societyin anEra
ofIndi anUprisings.Chica go:UniversityofChicagoPress.
BankingonWords: TheFailure ofLanguagein theAge
ofDerivativeFinance byArjunAppadurai.
Chicago:UniversityofChic agoPress,2016.176pp.
DOI:10.1111/aman.12760
BillMaurer
UniversityofCalifornia, Irvine
thingshavebeen donealready, andothersare notasbig as occupiedafters omebrushclearing, asArjunAppaduraihas Withhischara cteristi cskillatnaminglarge-scalephe- nomena(thinkdiffer enceanddisjuncture ,orthesociallife ofthings),Appadurai equatescontemporary financewitha specificform,thederivat iveform.Thederi vativeisa con- ofcont racts,onlydistantlyconnectedto anyunderlyi ngas- set.Aspromis es,deri vativesarealinguisticphenom enon. Appaduraisetsouttotrackthe failureofth ederivativ e utteranceinthe globalfinancialcrisis andwhatcame next.
Appaduraidifferentiateshis effortfromthatofothers
whohavebe entacklingfi nanceforsome time.Hedistin- guishesbetweensocial studiesof financescholars, mainly followingMichelCallon, whoseek tounderstandfinance's salvationalideologies" (p.16).His "intentionisto putthese twotradit ionsbackinlivecontacttoachiev eaparadigm shifttostudyth eethic sofcalculativea ction"(p. 17).Those ofuswh omAppa duraiidenti fiesoneithersideofthisdi- videhavevery muchbeenin livecontactfor theduration ofourprofessional careers. Thefocus onmechanismshas neverbeenentire lyseparatefr omthefocusonethos:de- spitesomeexces sesoftheperfo rmativityparadigm(that marketdevicesformat markets,toutcourt), thoseworking onthetools havealwaysbeen opento theirmoretalismanic qualities.Thereis bynowan extensiveliteratureon num- bers'magicand quantification'squalities. Fromwithinthis liveconversa tion,thedisagreementhasalwaysbeenlessb e- tweensocialstudies offinanceand anthropologyandmore betweenthesetwointert wininggrouping sandMarxi stor otherwiseworld-historicala ccountsoftheglobaleconomy.
Thisisstill truetoday.
Appadurai'srealcontribution ishisexegeses ofthe
workofMaxWeber,
EmileDurkheim,MarcelMauss,John
L.Austin,and thepopularauthor andoptions traderElie
Ayache.FromWeber,Appad uraiadop tstheinsightthat
Calvinismdependedon"radicalu ncertaintyaboutsalva tio n or,morepre cisely,radic aluncertaintyaboutthevalue ofapers on' slife"(p.5).FromAyach e,hesidelinest he probabilityormathofderivativepricin gto focusinstea don
BookReviews881
derivatives'contractualform.Austin' sconceptoflinguistic performativityallowsAppadurai toquerythe conditionsof allowsthemtoridet hewaveofunce rtaint y,notrisk,af ter ethicforcapital ism.Thei ncalculabilityofthepresentde- imaginary"(p.46).
Appaduraitooquickly givesup theghostin thema-
chineofquantifiab ler isk - forhavenotothersconsidered quantitativefinancial models'theologicalunconscious? Di- viners,Appadurai'she raldsofthenewcalculativeethos, alwayshavediviningr ods.Quantsm anagingriskalsohave faith - thealgorithm can"work," butthealgorithm can alsobeaninst rument ofpie ty.SociologistoffinanceJuan-
PabloPardo-Gue rra(inpress)remindsusthatthemanwho
filedthefirstpat entforaut omatictr adingwasaferven t
Calvinist.
The"failu reoflanguage"occursbeca useprom isesare
divorcedfromthe thingswarranting them.Thisclaim is puzzlingbecauseitrelies onatheoryoflanguageat odds withthewider argument.ForAustin, languagedoes not justrepresent,it isatool. Magicalspells inTrobrian- ders'gardensde mandedalanguagediffe rentfromordi- naryspeech."The function[ofmagic words].. .isnot 'meaning'in theordinarysense, butaspecific magicalin- fluencewhich[they] arebelievedto exercise"(Malinowski
1935:214).Appadurai's discussionofDurkheimalsoseems
tomissthat Durkheim'sgreatestinsight intocontracts was theirnoncontractualbasis associolegals cholarshavelong argued. Appaduraioffersapoliticswi threferencetohisfiel d- workinIndia. Slumactivistsin Mumbai linkindividualism togreedbut alsoshun groupaffiliationslike classorinterest group.Theirsis moremonistconception ofbeinglinked contingentlytoone anotherinan unfoldingbiophysicalor- der(p. 121).Appaduraiseesinthis an"immanentcritique ofbothclassical Hinduthoughtas wellas. ..financial- levelplayersin finance,tointroduce chanceintotheir lives andgeneratenew waysto createwealth.That's great!Iam downwiththe dividual,butcan Ialsohave Dodd-Frank? Canwehave a"tho roughgoingre for mofourbasicsocial vocabulary"(p.118) aswellas theDurbinAmendment?
Canweenter intothelanguage gamesofthe regulators,
thefinanci alengineers,orotherswholi keusareexcluded fromthedoma inoftheele ct?Thisisananalyt ica landpolit - icalquestio nthatrequirescontingent answersandpro bably morelive contact.
REFERENCESCITED
Malinowski,Bronislaw
Pardo-Guerra,Juan-Pablo
Inpres sTheOrdersofFinanc e.Cambri dge:MITPress.
MakingRefuge: SomaliBantuRefugees andLewiston,
MainebyCatherine Besteman.
Durham:Duke UniversityPress,2016. 352pp.
DOI:10.1111/aman.12709
StephanieR.Bjork
ParadiseValleyCommunity College
InMakingR efuge:SomaliBantuRefugeesand Lewiston,Maine ,
CatherineBestemandescribes howSomaliBantus make
refugeecampsand resettlementinthe UnitedStatesamid notionsofrefugees. Thebookis highlyaccessible,engag- ing,ethnographicallyrich, andwrittenwith realsensitivity, alsobeuseful topolicym akers,NGOs,and refugeeservice providers.
From1987-1988,Besteman conducteddoctoral
researchamongsubsistence-level farmersin thevillage ofBantain themiddleJubba Valleyins outhernSomalia. Shortlyafter,thecoun try'sdictatorwasou sted,Soma lia collapsed,andcivilwarensued.Fa rmersinBa ntaandother villagesinthefertileinte r-riv erineregi onbecametargets ofmilitiamen.Survivors fledbyfoot toKenyawhere they were"contai ned"inrefugeecamps.Bestemanadvoc atedon theirbehalfby publishingwidelyon theracial,ethnic, and class-basedinequalities thatmadeher informantsinBanta inshat teringthemythofSomalia'shomoge neity.
In2006,she wasserendipitouslyreunited withBanta
Maine.Throughoutt hebook,theauthordrawsfrom
herresear chinBantaanddatacollecte dovert enyears,quotesdbs_dbs6.pdfusesText_11
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