The agreement containing the principles on which the League of Nations was to operate on took into account all five treaties 1 2 2 The Treaty of Versailles • June
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1.2.1 The Paris Peace Settlement
The representatives of 32 countries met in 1919 in Paris to draw up the peace settlement.The "Big Three" (France, USA and Britain) leaTerV were moVWly in commanT of WUe TeciVion makingV anT Vo waV IWaly buW Wo a
leVVer exWenW.The settlement was created from five treaties; the Treaty of Versailles, St Germain, Trianon, Neuilly, Sevres/Lausanne.
The Treaty of Versailles dealt specifically wiWU Germany anT waV WUe major TiVcuVVion Turing WUe Traw up of WUe peace VeWWlemenW
wUereaV WUe oWUer WreaWieV TealW wiWU WUe geo-poliWical anT economic fuWure of Nurope.TUe agreemenW conWaining WUe principleV on wUicU WUe League of NaWionV waV Wo operaWe on Wook inWo accounW all five WreaWieV.
1.2.2 The Treaty of Versailles
June 1919
Treaty with Germany
Was signed in the Palace of Versailles
Germany had to agree to accept full responsibility for the outbreak of the First World WarTerritorial loses:
The Saar administered by the League of Nations
The creation of an independent Polish staWe
West Prussia and Posen were given to Poland
Alsace-Lorraine waV given back Wo Ńrance
Danzig was appointed as an international city
Plebiscites in Upper Silesia, West Prussia and SchleswigGermany lost colonies and investments
Military Restrictions on Germany:
Was only allowed a regular army that was limited to 100,000 military personnel Was not allowed an air force anT only a very Vmall fleeW End of compulsory enlistment into the armed forces Rhineland to be occupied for 15 years by the allied military forceV All commissions in Germany controlled by the allies until 1927Reparations:
Germany to pay £6,600 million (132 billion gold marks) Reparations where to be paid in regular instalments, some in gold and some in goods The Allies struggled to get paymenWV from Germany from 1921 Wo 1923Dawes Commission 1924
France took over Ruhr in 1923
League of Nations:
The USA refused to join which weakened the league
Collective security
New mandate principles
Germany and the defeated nations were at first left out1.2.3 The Treaty of St Germain
September 1919
Treaty with Austria
Dalmatia, Slovenia and Bosnia were given to Yugoslavia South Tyrol, Trentino, Trieste and Istria were given to ItalyBohemia and Moravia were given to Czechoslovakia
Galicia was given to PolanT
Bukovina was given to Romania
Austria was not allowed to unify with Germany
1.2.4 The Treaty of Trianon
June 1920
Treaty with Hungary
Hungary losses 2/3 of its territory
Slovakia and Ruthenia were given to CzechoslovakiaTransylvania was given to Romania
Burgenland was given to Austria
Slovenia and Croatia were given to Yugoslavia
1.2.5 The Treaty of Neuilly
November 1919
Treaty with Bulgaria
Western Thrace was given to Greece
Dobrudja was given to Romania
Northern Macedonia was given to Yugoslavia
1.2.6 The Treaty of Sevres
1920Treaty with Turkey
The Straits of the Dardanelles to be controlled by the alliesSaudi Arabia became independent
Turkey lost the rights to Sudan and Libya
Eastern Thrace and some Turkish Aegean Islands were given to Greece1.2.7 The Treaty of Lausanne
1923Treaty of Sevres was altered at Lausanne
The Greeks were expelled
Constantinople was given back to Turkey
1.2.8 PariV peace VeWWlemenW iVVueV
Germany, Russia and none of WUe oWUer TefeaWeT counWrieV were alloweT Wo Wake parW of WUe TiVcuVVionV nor aWWenTeT WUe
VerVailleV conference
All the big decisions were made by the Council of four (United States, France, United OingTom anT IWaly)
The aims of the major powers were often contradictory and so compromises had to be made within the treaties
Terms of the Treaty of Versailles were not soft enough to allow for reconciliation with Germany but not harsh enough to weaken
GermanyGV power
1.2.9 German Response
Germany had hoped for a softer punishment as it had thought the treaty would have taken in much more of Wilson's Fourteen
PoinWV
Did not think it was fair to have to accept responsibility for the start of the First WorlT Par Did not think it was fair that it had no say or that it was not part of the discussions Did not like the fact that it was forced to sign the treaty without any negotiations of the terms It disagreed with the reparations and especially the territorial loVVeV It was also angered by the exclusion from the principle of self-TeWerminaWion The German population was angered by the treaty and wanted to see it revoked1.2.10 Discussion and disagreements between the allies
Some thought the treaty was too UarVUH oWUerV WUaW iW waV Woo lenienWThose who supported Wilson's Fourteen Points argued that the treaty had failed to create a peaceful world
John Maynard Keynes argued that Europe would become weaker and poorer as a result of the restrictions, territorial loVVeV anT
WUe economic weakening of Germany
The British people started to recognise that the treaty may have to be reviewedThe US refused to agree with the treaty as it opposed to Article X of the League of Nations. This was an article under which
memberV of WUe League agreeT Wo uVe WUeir powerV Wo reViVW aggreVVion wUerever iW migUW occur. The US did not sign the Treaty of Versailles which had a big impact on the League of Nations1.3.1 The Geo-PoliWical ImpacWV of WUe TreaWieV
CenWral anT NaVWern Nurope
Western Europe remained quite similar to what is had been in 1914, only a few territorial changes were maTe
mulWinaWional empireV. (GermanyH RuVViaH AuVWro-Hungarian anT WUe OWWoman TurkV)Some of the states that where created: Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia and YugoVlavia
Self-TeWerminaWion waV Waken inWo accounW in moVW caVeV Uowever iW waV VomeWimeV TifficulW aV TifferenW naWionaliWieVH racial
groupV anT linguiVWic groupV wUere VcaWWereT acroVV many TifferenW areaVSelf-TeWerminaWion ableT common eWUnic back rounTV anT languageV Wo TeciTe WUe naWure of WUe VWaWe Uowever in Vome caVeV WUiV
waV ignoreT VucU aV SouWU TyrolH SuTeWenlanT anT WUe PoliVU CorriTor. A major problem aW WUe Wime waV Wo creaWe VWaWeV wUicU
were capable of working VucceVVfully in WermV of communicaWionH economicV anT VecuriWy.In some cases the ethnic groups were so intermixed that it was impossible to separate them. There was no point in creating an
eWUnically UomogenouV VWaWe wUicU WUen coulT noW Vurvive Tue Wo lack of WraTe rouWeVH naWural reVourceVH oceanV anT riverV.
TUerefore cUoiceV UaT Wo be maTe by WUe allieV abouW wUeWUer Velf-TeWerminaWion waV more imporWanW or if iW waV WUe economic
VWabiliWy of eacU VWaWe.
Each state needed to survive and so needed access to natural resourceVH WraTe rouWeVH oceanV anT riverV. TUiV coulT be
complicaWeT aV borTerV VomeWimeV UaT Wo be exWenTeT wUicU woulT uniWe anoWUer eWUnic group anT in Toing Vo iW woulT go
againVW Velf-TeWerminaWionAn independent Polish state was created
Danzig became a free city to maximize trade opportunitiesSome states contained minorities which could be vulnerable and so the allies asked the new nations to protect the rights of tUe
minoriWieV WUaW reViTeT in WUeir borTerV Also minorities could appeal to the League of Nations which provided a Minorities Commissionbig economic uniW. AfWer WUe war WUiV no longer exiVWeT. InVWeaT WUere waV loWV of Vmall VWaWeV all VWruggling Wo Vurvive. TUere waV
now WraTe barrierV wUicU beforeUanT UaT noW exiVWeT anT WUiV waV a VeriouV iVVue for WUeVe VWaWeV. IW alVo wenW againVW WUe
ŃourWeen PoinWV wUicU VWaWeT WUe removal of WraTe barrierV.With the creation of many small states Europe became less stable as it created vulnerable countries that lacked political and
economic VWabiliWyInternal tension started to build up within the states and beWween WUeVe VWaWeV. So many facWorV were Waken inWo accounW in WUe
TeVign of WUeVe VWaWeV wUicU coulT make WUingV complicaWeT. TUe VWaWeV were creaWeT in a way WUaW wUere poVVible WUey woulT
incluTe Vame eWUnicH culWural anT linguiVWic groupV. However WUiV waV noW WUe caVe for many VWaWeV.Poland and Czechoslovakia fought over the Teschen area as it had important rail connections and coal resources
The tension between these states led to a lack of economic co-operaWion wUicU maTe WUeVe VWaWeV weak anT vulnerable Wo
Germany anT RuVVia in WUe fuWure
Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia realised their vulnerability and so decided to form the Little Entente in 1921
Originally the Little Entente was created to protect these countries from Hungary which was angry over iWV WerriWorial loVVeV anT
wanWeT Wo recover Vome of iW. TUe LiWWle NnWenWe formeT economic anT miliWary co-operaWion beWween WUeVe counWrieV.
The Little Entente could have become a strong area if it had expanded and in the process made all the Vmall VWaWeV leVV vulnerable
Wo RuVVia anT Germany. However WUiV never UappeneT Tue Wo WUe WenVion beWween WUeVe Vmall VWaWeV. PolanT wUicU woulT Uave
been a gooT aTTiWion Wo WUe LiWWle NnWenWe refuVeT Wo join Tue Wo iWV TiVagreemenWV wiWU CYecUoVlovakia over WUe TeVcUen area.
Germany
The Germans where very unhappy about the fact that WUey were TenieT Velf-TeWerminaWion anT wanWeT WUe WreaWy revokeT
There were many German minoriWieV ouWViTe of Germany WUaW wUere now parW of CYecUoVlovakiaH PolanT anT AuVWria
Germany lost 12% of its population and 13% of its territory Alsace-Lorraine wUicU waV Waken back by Ńrance waV one of WUe biggeVW loVVeVHowever, Germany was actually stronger now than it was before the war. The creation of many small states eliminated one big
empire anT Vince WUeVe Vmall VWaWeV wUere weakH once Germany regaineT iWV VWrengWU iW coulT eaVily Wake over WUeVe
The USSR
Bolshevik regime
Russia was very weak after the war as it had suffered civil war and political revolution It had lost in the war against Poland and so had also lost significanW WerriWory Wo PolanTTherefore it did not represent an immediate threat to the small newly founded nations but like Germany could do so in the future
The Treaty of Rapallo
Treaty between the USSR and Germany in 1922
Germany and the USSR who both wUere TenieT Wo join WUe League of NaWionV goW WogeWUer They decided to financially co-operaWe anT WraTe wiWU eacU oWUer Form a union against Poland as they both had lost territory to itSecret military agreements, Germany could test its military equipment on WUe RuVVian WerriWory anT in Toing Vo iW avoiTeT WUe
reVWricWionV placeT upon iW in WUe TreaWy of VerVailleV1.3.2 The Economic Impacts
It was what the Treaty of Versailles did not do that affected the European economic situation most No economic queVWionV wUere TealW wiWU TirecWly aparW from reparaWionV It did not find a solution for the problems of allied war debtsCounWrieV wUere VWruggling Wo pay off WUeir TebWV anT WUiV creaWeT baT relaWionV beWween WUe TebWorV anT WUe UniWeT SWaWeV
This resulWeT in economic inVWabiliWy anT WenVion
The debt situation helped contribute to the Ruhr crisisA number of international meetings had taken place to try and resolve the debt issue however these had no impact as the UniteT
SWaWeV TiT noW wanW WUe TebWV of iWV allieV canceleT.This weakened the allied countries as they had to keep demanding reparations from Germany to pay these debts
After the Ruhr Crisis the United States offered financial help to Germany (Dawes Plan) so that Germany could then pay its
reparaWionV Wo WUe allieT counWrieV wUicU in Wurn coulT WUen pay off WUeir loanV Wo WUe UniWeT SWaWeV.
JM Keynes was particularly against the economic terms of the Versailles Treaty. He maintained that by punishing Germany the
allieV wUere only puniVUing WUemVelveV. He claimeT WUaW WUe UigU reparaWionVH WerriWorial loVVeV anT loVV of reVourceV on Germany
woulT affecW Nurope negaWively aV Germany waV WUe economic engine of Nurope. The United States and Britain started to see the need to revise the treaty WUe UigU reparaWionV WUaW UaT been impoVeT on GermanyAnother issue was that the treaty did not create an organization to introduce and promoWe inWernaWional WraTe. TraTe barrierV
wUere a big iVVue for WUe newly creaWeT Nuropean VWaWeV. TUiV aTTeT Wo WUe caWaVWropUic impacW of WUe GreaW MepreVVion of 1929
1.3.3 The Mandate System
There was an agreement amongst the allies to create a mandatory VyVWem Wo TiVWribuWe WUe colonieV of WUe TefeaWeT powerV
This would be supervised by the League of Nations
The main priority of the mandate system was to ensure the well-being of WUe people anT WUe TevelopmenW of WUeVe WerriWorieV
The League of NationV waV alVo reVponVible for making Vure WUaW WraTe waV poVVible for eacU WerriWory anT WUaW no Vlavery
occurreTThe main purpose was to create independent democratic states and help improve the populations education and ways of life
anT Wo wUicU exWenW iW waV reaTy Wo becoming inTepenTenW.The territories which in the near future would be ready for independence where placeT in "manTaWeV A". TUiV incluTeT PaleVWineH
SyriaH LebanonH Iraq anT TranVjorTan.
The territories that where less advanced and where not going to become independent for quite some time where placed in
The territories which had a low population and where underdeveloped fell into "mandates C" and where handed over directly to
WUe counWrieV WUaW UaT conquereT WUem. JapanH New RealanT anT AuVWralia receiveT WUe German colonieV in WUe Pacific anT SouWU
Africa receiveT SouWUweVW Africa.
Some countries like Japan treated its new colonies as an addition to its territory which went against the system
The mandate system did however create a system in whicU WUe counWrieV in power of WUeVe colonieV UaT reVponVibiliWieV Wo WUe
people wUo liveT WUem anT if WUeVe counWrieV acWionV wenW againVW WUe VyVWem WUey coulT be VubjecWeT Wo an inWernaWional boTy.
There was a lot of controversy around the distribution of WUe manTaWeV eVpecially becauVe moVW of WUem wenW Wo Ńrance anT WUe
UO wUicU were alreaTy in poVVeVVion of WUe world's largeVW empireVThe Italians where very unhappy as they had been promised territories which they had not received and in addition they were noW
given any manTaWeV even WUougU WUey were on WUe winning ViTe of WUe warThe Arabs in the Middle East where also very unhappy about the mandate system as they wanted land and independent status
wUicU WUey were noW given TeVpiWe WUe facW WUaW WUey UelpeT WUe UO conquer WUe OWWoman NmpireAnother controversy emerged when the British decided to go ahead with the Balfour Declaration of 1917
1.4.1 Problems with Enforcing of the Treaties
The United States never joined the League of Nations which weakened the LeagueThe Anglo-American guaranWee never UappeneT
Germany was angry as it thought the TreaWy of VerVailleV waV unfair anT UarVU anT Vo wanWeT WUe WreaWy revokeT
Italy was angry as it was on the winning side, however it did not receive much territory and so the Italians wanted to revise WUe
WreaWy in favour of IWaly
Japan was only interested in iVVueV concerning iWVelf anT noW WUe iVVueV concerneT wiWU WUe Nuropean aVpecWV of WUe peace
VeWWlemenW
The United States retreated into isolationism
The USSR was isolated throughout the1920's (with the exception of the Treaty of Rapallo with Germany)
France and Britain disagreed on the strategies concerning Germany1.4.2 US Isolationism
The United States never accept the Treaty of Versailles because they did not agree with Article X and could not accept the
agreemenW of WUe League of NaWionV anT Vo iW waV never parW of WUe LeagueThe United States did not approve of the Anglo-American GuaranWee wUicU waV a meaVure of proWecWion for Ńrance if Germany
waV Wo aWWack again Isolationism was not new to the United States. It had been a big part of its historyAfter the war it returned to its isolationism and did not want to intervene outside its own areas of interest
1.4.3 The Anglo-American GuaranWee
Security was very important to France, was very afraid of another attack from Germany once Germany regained iWV VWrengWU
France wanted the Rhineland area of Germany to be an independent state to protect itself. This state could either be neutral or
unTer ŃrencU influence. PilVon anT George TiT noW agree wiWU WUiV Uowever WUey knew WUaW Ńrance woulT noW give up unleVV iW goW
The Anglo-ŃrencU agreemenW waV VigneT on WUe 28 of June 1919Wilson campaigned vigorously in the United States between 1919 and 1920 to win support for the ratification of WUe TreaWy of
VerVailleV anT for WUe UniWeT SWaWeV Wo join WUe League of NaWionV However the Anglo-American GuaranWee waV noW accepWeT by WUe US SenaWe anT Vo never Wook place When the United States did not accept the Guarantee, Britain withdrew from the agreemenW aV well France no longer had a guaranteed military support from the United States and Britain1.4.4 Rising Tension beWween Japan anT WUe UniWeT SWaWeV
Japan wanted to expand its territory and wanted to dominate China This could ruin the trade relaWionV CUina UaT wiWU oWUer counWrieVThe United States was not happy about this as it did not want to lose its trade with China and it had possessions in the PhilippineV
WUaW wUere WUreaWeneT by Japan
Japan was unhappy about the fact that the United StaWeV TiT noW recogniVe JapanGV poViWion in AVia anT iW felW WUreaWeneT by WUe
increaVing US fleeW As tension grew there was talk of a possible war between the two The UK was very concerned about this as it had a defensive alliance with Japan For this reason WUe UO VupporWeT WUe PaVUingWon Conference on TiVarmamenW1.4.5 Disarmament
A major contributor to the First World War was the arms raceReducing the armaments was mentioned in Wilson's Fourteen Points and it was an important target for the League of NationV
In doing so the goal was to reduce the threat of a future war A permanent advisory commission on armaments was appointedSupport for disarmament
The belief that the arms race was a major cause of the war and so reducing arms would reduce the WUreaW of a fuWure war
A lot of countries where in debt, the costs of the arms where high, countries wanted to focus on rebuilding their economy
The Washington Conference
1921-1922
It was the most successful of the disarmament conferences The major naval powers meW in PaVUingWon in November 1921 A number of treaties where signed between December 1921 and February 1922There were Wwo reaVon for wUicU WUe conference waV calleT. ŃirVWlyH Japan anT WUe UO coulT noW afforT WUe coVWV of WUe armV race
anT WUe UniWeT SWaWeV wanWeT Wo reTuce iWV own coVWV. SeconTly WUere waV growing WenVion beWween Japan anT WUe UniWeT SWaWeV
in AVia anT WUe UniWeT SWaWeV wanWeT Wo avoiT conflicW wUicU coulT involve many counWrieVTerms of the Washington Treaties
The Four Power Treaty
1. USA, Japan, France and Britain
2. The Anglo-JapaneVe alliance waV enTeT
3. An agreement to recognise each other's poVVeVVionV in WUe Pacific anT if problemV aroVe WUere waV an agreemenW Wo reacU a
TiplomaWic VoluWion
The Five Power Treaty
2. Agreed to maintain a fixed constant ratio of naval armaments
3. No new naval armaments where to be constructed for the next ten years
4. The United States and Britain where not allowed to build new fortresses or naval bases in the western Pacific
The Nine Power Treaty
1. USA, Japan, France, Britain, Italy, China, Belgium, Netherlands and Portugal
2. An open door for trade on China was agreed on so that all countries had equal trading rights with China
3. Agreed to respect China's authority
4. An agreement waV alVo maTe Wo TiVcuVV problemV of common inWereVW
The London Naval Conference 1930
It was a revision and an extension of the Washington treaty US, Japan, Britain, Italy and France met in London Ratio of capital ships moved from 5:5:3 for the US, Britain anT Japan reVpecWively Wo 10J10J7France and Italy did not take part in this agreement however they did agree to continue to not build new naval armaments for WUe
nexW five yearVAgreements on the numbers of submarines, cruisers and destroyers that each counWry coulT Uave wUere maTe
Submarine warfare rules where made more strict
The Treaty was to remain valid until 1936
The London Naval Conference 1935-1936
The major powers met again in 1935 to discuss the treaty of London (1930) as it was to expire the following year
Japan wanted equality in terms of ratio of fleets with the US and Britain but this was denied and so Japan walked out of the
conferenceH aV TiT IWalyFrance, Britain and the US did agree on limiting the size and number of their naval armament Uowever WUiV collapVeT in 1936 wiWU
WUe JapaneVe anT German rearmamenW programV anT WUe increaVing conflicWV ariVing in WUe worlTAll in all, the conference was a failure
The Geneva Conference 1932-1934
There was an increased demand to revise the Paris Peace SeWWlemenW A number of crises had occurred in the last few years The Great Depression of 1929 had reduced the optimistic outlook and international co-operaWionThe United states wanted the elimination of offensive weapons, however there where TiVagreemenWV Wo wUaW weaponV wUere
offenVive anT wUicU were TefenViveFrance was worried about German regaining its strength and so it did not want to reduce its military spending unless it got a
guaranWeeT agreemenW wiWU WUe oWUer major powerV Wo VupporW ŃranceThe other major powers were not interested in a guaranteed agreement and so France refused to reduce its military spending
Germany wanted the major powers to either reduce their military spending to Germanys level or Germany should be allowed to
increaVe iWV miliWary VpenTing Wo WUeir level This was not accepted by the major powers and so Germany walked out of the conference in 1932Germany rejoined the conference in 1933
Adolf Hitler was now chancellor and wanted Germany to have equal treatment to WUe major powerV Once again this was denied and so Germany walked out of the conference This caused Germany to embark on a rearmament schemeFrance had no choice but to increase its military spending as it did not gain the military guarantee from eiWUer WUe UniWeT SWaWeV or
WUe UO. IW waV well aware of GermanyGV larger populaWion anT inTuVWrial capaciWy. MecreaVing iWV miliWary VpenTing waV noW an
opWion for Ńrance Italy was also not interested in reducing its military spending The conference was a failure aV no agreemenW waV reacUeT Tension was rising in Europe and countries where starting to consider what was best for themselvesDisarmament was not possible at this point as tension started to rise and there was a potential source of conflict
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