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NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR READING THE

TEXTBOOK (Some Info May Be Repetitive) STUDENTS

Table of Contents

APES EXAM TOPIC OUTLINE ********************************************************** 5 S TANDARD GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE*************************************************** 7 QU

ICK APES NOTES

Earth Science ***********************************************************************9 Atmosphere *********************************************************************** 10 Water *********************************************************************** ***** 10 Soil ******************************************************************************11 Ecosystems / Biomes ****************************************************************12 Energy Flow ***********************************************************************13 Ecosystem diversity *****************************************************************13 Populations ************************************************************************14 Agriculture ************************************************************************15 Forestry ************************************************************************** 15 Rangelands ************************************************************************15 Other Land Use ******************************************************************** 15 Mining ***************************************************************************16 Fishing ***************************************************************************16 Global Economics ****************************************************************** 16 Types of Pollution ****************************************************************** 17 Energy Concepts ******************************************************************* 18 Global Change *********************************************************************20 LO

NGER APES NOTES

Agriculture and Food ****************************************************************21 Air *********************************************************************** *******26 Air Pollution ********************************************************************** 30 Biodiversity ***********************************************************************34 Biological Communities ************************************************************* 37 B iomes ***************************************************************************41 Conventional Energy ****************************************************************49 Economics *********************************************************************** * 53 Environmental Geology **************************************************************56 Environmental Health and Toxicology ************************************************** 60 Environmental Philosophies ********************************************************** 63 Human Population ******************************************************************67 Laws *****************************************************************************69 Matter ****************************************************************************83 Pests *********************************************************************** ******86 Population ************************************************************************ 89 Solid, Toxic, and Hazardous Waste *****************************************************91 Sustainable Cities and Personal Action **************************************************94 Sustainable Energy ******************************************************************99 Water *********************************************************************** **** 104 Water Pollution ******************************************************************* 107 HOW

IT HAPPENS

T OPIC

SUMMARIES

Science, Systems, Matter, and Energy **************************************************115 Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They Work *************************************116 Evolution and Biodiversity ********************************************************** 117 Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control ********************************* 118 The Human Population and Its Impact ************************************************* 119 Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity *************************************************** 120 Aquatic Biodiversity *************************************************************** 121 Sustaining Biodiversity: The Species Approach ****************************************** 122 Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach *******************************123 Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity ****************************************************** 125 Food, Soil, and Pest Management *****************************************************126 Water *********************************************************************** ****128 Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources ******************************************129 Nonrenewable Energy **************************************************************130 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy ********************************************** 131 Environmental Hazards and Human Health ********************************************* 132 Air Pollution ********************************************************************* 133 Climate Change and Ozone Depletion **************************************************134 Water Pollution ******************************************************************* 135 Solid and Hazardous Waste **********************************************************136 Sustainable Cities ******************************************************************137 E conomics, Environment, and Sustainability ******************************************** 138 Politics, Environment, and Sustainability *********************************************** 139 Environmental Worldviews, Ethics, and Sustainability*************************************140 IN-DE

PTH TOPIC NOTES

Living Sustainably *****************************************************************141 Critical Thinking ******************************************************************151 Matter and Energy *****************************************************************156 Ecosystems ***********************************************************************163 Nutrient Cycles and Soil ************************************************************ 168 Evolution and Biodiversity ********************************************************** 175 Climate and Biomes ****************************************************************184 Aquatic Ecology *******************************************************************191 Species Interactions ****************************************************************203 Population Dynamics ***************************************************************212 Human Population *****************************************************************220 Food Resources *******************************************************************230 ****236 Minerals and Soil Resources *********************************************************243 Nonrenewable Energy **************************************************************258 Renewable Energy *****************************************************************272 Toxicology ***********************************************************************280 Air Pollution ********************************************************************* 290 Global Warming ****************************************************************** 301 Water Pollution ******************************************************************* 317 Pesticides *********************************************************************** * 328 Solid and Hazardous Waste **********************************************************334 Sustaining Ecosystems - Land Use **************************************************** 346 Sustaining Ecosystems - Forests ******************************************************356 Sustaining Wild Species ************************************************************ 367 Sustainable Cities - Urban Land Management ******************************************* 378 Economics and Environment *********************************************************390 Politics and Environment ************************************************************402 Environmental Worldviews **********************************************************413 A IR POLLUTANTS*******************************************************************419 OT

HER IMPORTANT INFO

Endangered Species ****************************************************************420 Not Endangered Species ************************************************************ 42 B iomes ************************************************************************* 421 Places to Know ******************************************************************* 422 Laws and Treaties ***************************************************************** 422 People to Know ******************************************************************* 423 Top 10's ************************************************************************* 424 Math Review ********************************************************************* 427 Chemistry Review ***************************************************************** 429 R

EVIEW PPT

431
M ATH WITHOUT CALCULATORS **************************************************** 544 G

LOSSARY

1 **********************************************************************

*566 G

LOSSARY

2 **********************************************************************

*586 G LOSSARY 3 ********************************************************************** *590 EX TERNAL LINKS (Extremely Useful) **************************************************595 VI SUALS ************************************************************************** 601 F INAL THOUGHTS ******************************************************************602 EXAM TIPS ************************************************************************ 603

APES EXAM TOPIC OUTLINE

I. Earth Systems and Resources (10-15%)

A. Earth Science Concepts (Geologic time scale; plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanism; seasons; solar intensity and latitude) B. The Atmosphere (Composition; structure; weather and climate; atmospheric circulation and the Coriolis Effect; atmosphere -ocean interactions; ENSO) C. Global Water Resources and Use (Freshwater/saltwater; ocean circulation; agricultural, industrial, and domestic use; surface and groundwater issues; global problems; conservation) D. Soil and Soil Dynamics (Rock cycle; formation; composition; physical and chemical properties; main soil types; erosion and other soil problems; soil conservation)

II. The Living World (10-15%)

A. Ecosystem Structure (Biological populations and communities; ecological niches; interactions among species; keystone species; species diversity and edge effects; major terrestrial and aquatic biomes) B. Energy Flow (Photosynthesis and cellular respiration; food webs and trophic levels; ecological pyramids) C. Ecosystem Diversity (Biodiversity; natural selection; evolution; ecosystem services) D. Natural Ecosystem Change (Climate shifts; species movement; ecological succession) E. Natural Biogeochemical Cycles (Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, water, conservation of matter)

III. Population (10-15%)

A. Population Biology Concepts (Population ecology; carrying capacity; reproductive strategies; survivorship)

B. Human Population

1. Human

population dynamics (Historical population sizes; distribution; fertility rates; growth rates and doubling times; demographic transition; age-structure diagrams)

2. Population size (Strategies for sustainability; case studies; national policies)

3. Impacts of population growth (Hunger; disease; economic effects; resource use; habitat

destruction)

IV. Land and Water Use (10-15%)

A. Agriculture

1. Feeding a growing population (Human nutritional requirements; types of agriculture;

Green Revolution; genetic engineering and crop production; deforestation; irrigation; sustainable agriculture)

2. Controlling pests (Types of pesticides; costs and benefits of pesticide use; integrated

pest management; relevant laws) B. Forestry (Tree plantations; old growth forests; forest fires; forest management; national forests)

C. Rangelands (Overgrazing; deforestation; desertification; rangeland management; federal rangelands)

D. Other Land Use

1. Urban land development (Planned development; suburban sprawl; urbanization)

2. Transportation infrastructure (Federal highway system; canals and channels; roadless

areas; ecosystem impacts)

3. Public and federal lands (Management; wilderness areas; national parks; wildlife

refuges; forests; wetlands)

4. Land conservation options (Preservation; remediation; mitigation; restoration)

5. Sustainable land-use strategies

E. Mining (Mineral formation; extraction; global reserves; relevant laws and treaties) F. Fishing (Fishing techniques; overfishing; aquaculture; relevant laws and treaties) G. Global Economics (Globalization; World Bank; Tragedy of the Commons; relevant laws and treaties)

V. Energy Resources and Consumption (10-15%)

A. Energy Concepts (Energy forms; power; units; conversions; Laws of Thermodynamics)

B. Energy Consumption

1. History (Industrial Revolution; exponential growth; energy crisis)

2. Present global energy use

3. Future energy needs

C. Fossil Fuel Resources and Use

(Formation of coal, oil, and natural gas; extraction/purification methods; world reserves and global demand; synfuels; environmental advantages/disadvantages of sources) D. Nuclear Energy (Nuclear fission process; nuclear fuel; electricity production; nuclear reactor types; environmental advantages/disadvantages; safety issues; radiation and human health; radioactive wastes; nuclear fusion) E. Hydroelectric Power (Dams; flood control; salmon; silting; other impacts) F. Energy Conservation (Energy efficiency; CAFE standards; hybrid electric vehicles; mass transit)

G. Renewable Energy (Solar energy; solar

electricity; hydrogen fuel cells; biomass; wind energy; small-scale hydroelectric; ocean waves and tidal energy; geothermal; environmental advantages/disadvantages)

VI.Pollution (25-30%)

A. Pollution Types

1. Air pollution (Sources-primary and secondary; major air pollutants; measurement

units; smog; acid deposition-causes and effects; heat islands and temperature inversions; indoor air pollution; remediation and reduction strategies; Clean Air Act and other relevant laws)

2. Noise pollution (Sources; effects; control measures)

3. Water pollution (Types; sources, causes, and effects; cultural eutrophication;

groundwater pollution; maintaining water quality; water purification; sewage treatment/septic systems; Clean Water Act and other relevant laws)

4. Solid waste (Types; disposal; reduction)

B. Impacts on the Environment and Human Health

1. Hazards to human health (Environmental risk analysis; acute and chronic effects; dose

response relationships; air pollutants; smoking and other risks)

2.Hazardous chemicals in the environment (Types of hazardous waste;

treatment/disposal of hazardous waste; cleanup of contaminated sites; biomagnification; relevant laws)

C. Economic Impacts (Cost-benefit analysis; externalities; marginal costs; sustainability)quotesdbs_dbs17.pdfusesText_23