Later-style cartridge headstamps (Photo 2) were documented from 1996, 1997, and 1998 Likewise, Iranian ammunition was positively identified with production
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Following the Headstamp Trail
An Assessment of Small-calibre
Ammunition Documented in Syria
by N.R. Jenzen-Jones18A Working Paper of the Small Arms Survey/Security Assessment in North Africa project, with support from
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the
Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, and the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs.2 Small Arms Survey Working Paper 18
Copyright
Published in Switzerland by the Small Arms Survey
© Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and DevelopmentStudies, Geneva
1076Published in April 1076
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the Small Arms Survey, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Publications Manager, Small Arms Survey, at the address below.Small Arms Survey
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies62 Avenue Blanc, 7101 Geneva, Switzerland
Series editor: Matthew Johnson
Copy-edited by Deborah Eade
Proofread by Donald Strachan
Typeset in Optima and Palatino by Frank Benno JunghannsPrinted in France by GPS
ISBN 325-1-3200532-5-0
N.R. Jenzen-Jones Following the Headstamp Trail 3
The Small Arms Survey
The Small Arms Survey is an independent research project located at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, Switzerland. Established in 7333, the project is supported by the SwissFederal
Department of Foreign Affairs and current or recent contributions from the Governments of Australia, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, the Nether- lands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as from the European Union. The Survey is grateful for past support received from the Governments of Canada, France, and Sweden. The Survey also wishes to acknowledge the 4nancial assistance it has received over the years from foundations and many bodies within the UN system. The objectives of the Small Arms Survey are: to be the principal source of public information on all aspects of small arms and armed violence; to serve as a resource centre for governments, policy-makers, researchers, and activists; to monitor national and international initiatives (governmental and non-governmental) on small arms; to support efforts to address the effects of small arms proliferation and misuse; and to act as a clearinghouse for the sharing of information and the dissemination of best practices. The Survey also sponsors 4eld research and information-gathering efforts, especially in affected states and regions. The project has an international staff with exper- tise in security studies, political science, law, economics, development stud- ies, sociology, and criminology, and collaborates with a network of research- ers, partner institutions, non-governmental organizations, and governments in more than ?0 countries.Small Arms Survey
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies62 Avenue Blanc, 7101 Geneva, Switzerland
t + 67 11 305 ?222 f + 67 11 2?1 12?5 e sas@smallarmssurvey.org w www.smallarmssurvey.org4 Small Arms Survey Working Paper 18
About the Security Assessment in North Africa
The Security Assessment in North Africa is a multi-year project of the Small Arms Survey to support those engaged in building a more secure environ- ment in North Africa and the Sahel-Sahara region. The project produces timely, evidence-based research and analysis on the availability and circu- lation of small arms, the dynamics of emerging armed groups, and related insecurity. The research stresses the effects of the recent uprisings and armed con9icts in the region on community safety. The Security Assessment in North Africa receives core funding from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands. In addition, the project receives ongoing support from the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, and the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and has previously received grants from the US State Department and the German Federal Foreign Of4ce.N.R. Jenzen-Jones Following the Headstamp Trail 5
Table of contents
List of boxes and photos ................................................. 8Abbreviations and acronyms
............................................ 3About the author
........................................................ 77Acknowledgements
..................................................... 71Introduction
........................................................... fiGeneral availability and pricing
....................................... fi Technical characteristics of the identiıed ammunition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fiŽ2.81 × ?3 mm ammunition
........................................... 75 ....................... 75 ................................ 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ............... 16 ........................................ 182.81 × ?6R mm ammunition
.......................................... 132.81 × ?7 mm and .?05 Winchester ammunition
....................... 1371.2 × 705 mm ammunition
.......................................... ?076.? × 776 mm ammunition
.......................................... ?7Shotshells
........................................................... ?15 mm and 3 mm blanks
Other ammunition
.................................................. ?8Likely existence of cartridges not yet observed
...................... ?2Conclusion
Annexe fi: Small calibre ammunition identiıed in SyriaEndnotes
............................................................... ?0References
.............................................................. ?6Publications list
......................................................... ?86 Small Arms Survey Working Paper 18
List of boxes and photos
Boxes Differential Identication of Iranian and Syrian Ammunition ..... fi fiSyrian × mm Cartridge Marking Practices
Photos
Syrian Ž.fi × cartridge case produced in ı by the Industrial Establishment of Defense (EID) in Damascus
fi Syrian Ž.fi × mm cartridge case produced in Iranian Ž.fi × mm cartridge case produced in fi by the Defense Industries Organization's Ammunition & MetallurgyIndustries Group
Iranian Ž.fi × mm cartridge produced in fi by the DefenseIndustries Organization's Ammunition & Metallurgy
Industries Group
Wooden outer packaging of Iranian origin, containing , Ž.fi × mm cartridges produced in fi
.......................... fiCardboard inner packaging of Syrian origin, originally containing Ž.fi × mm cartridges produced in
........... fi Chinese Ž.fi × mm cartridge produced in Ž by State Factory Ž fi Chinese Ž.fi × mm cartridge produced in fi by State Factory fi Sudanese Ž.fi × mmcar tridge produced in fi fi by the MilitaryIndustry Corporation
............................................. fi Sudanese Ž.fi × mmcar tridge produced in fi by the MilitaryIndustry Corporation
............................................. fi fi WOLF brand Ž.fi × mmcar tridge likely manufactured at either Ulyanovsk Machinery Plant or Tula Cartridge Works, both located in the Russian Federation, prior to fi .............. fiıN.R. Jenzen-Jones Following the Headstamp Trail 7
13 Kyrgyz 7.62 × 39 mm car tridge case produced in 2000 by the
Bishkek Machine-Building Plant
.................................. 24 14 Romanian 7.62 × 39 mm armour-piercing incendiary (API) cartridges produced in 1996 by UzinaMecanic Sadu S.A.
........ 24 15 Unidenti?ed 7.62 × 39 mm cartridge of possible Romanian origin, produced in 2012 .......................................... 24 16 Sheet metal inner packaging containing 7.62 × 39 mm cartridges produced at Lugansk Cartridge Works in Lugansk, Ukraine ...... 25 17 Wooden outer packaging containing 7.62 × 39 mm cartridges produced at Lugansk Cartridge Works in Lugansk, Ukraine ...... 25 18 Ukrainian 7.62 × 39 mm cartridge case produced in 2010 byLugansk Cartridge Works
........................................ 25 19/20Booby-trapped ammunition observed in Deir Sonbul
............. 27 21Alleged booby-trapped ammunition observed in Western
Damascus
........................................................ 27 22Chinese 7.62 × 54R mm cartridge case produced in 2011 by
State Factory 945
.................................................. 28 23Wooden outer packaging, likely of Syrian origin, containing 7.62 × 54R mm cartridges produced in 1963
............. 28 24Unmarked 7.62 × 51 mm cartridges observed in Idlib, in September 2012 ................................................ 28
25 Wooden outer packaging containing 1,000 7.62 × 51 mm cartridges
2826
Czechoslovakian .308 Winchester cartridge case produced in 1986 by Sellier & Bellot ......................................... 28
27 Cardboard inner packaging containing .308 Winchester cartridges
2828 Soviet 12.7 × 108 mm cartridge case produced in 1970 by the
Novosibirsk Low Voltage Equipment Plant
........................ 30 29Wooden outer packaging containing 160 12.7 × 108 mm B-32 armour-piercing incendiary (API) cartridges produced in
1970 by the Novosibirsk Low Voltage Equipment Plant
............ 308 Small Arms Survey Working Paper 18
30Chinese 14.5 × 114 mm cartridge case produced in 1982 by
State Factory 9631
................................................ 31 31/32Chinese 14.5 × 114 mm BZT armour-piercing incendiary tracer (API-T) cartridge produced in 1972 by State Factory 631 ........... 31