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should use fonts of size 18 or larger and use default line spacing when the Example of a Wikipedia article used in the experiment The participants had to read articles from a popu- Magazine http://www smashingmagazine com/2013/ 05/

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MakeItBig!

TheEffect ofFontSizeandLine Spacing

onOnlineReadability

LuzRello

Human-ComputerInteraction

Institute

CarnegieMellonUniversity

5000Forbes Avenue

Pittsburgh,PA15213,USA

luzrello@cs.cmu.edu

MartinPielot

TelefonicaResearch

PlacaErnestLluch iMarti,5

Barcelona,08019, Spain

martin.pielot@telefonica.com

Mari-CarmenMarcos

DigiDoc&W ebResearch

Group

UniversitatPompeuFabra

Barcelona,Spain

mcarmen.marcos@upf.edu

ABSTRACT

Werepor tfromaneye-tracki ngexperim en twith104

participantswhoperformedreadingtas ksonthemost populartext-heavy websiteoftheWeb:Wikipedia.Us- ingahybri d-m easuresdesign,wecomparedobjective andsubj ectivereadabilityandcomprehension ofthear- ticlesforfontsizesran gingfr om10to26point s,and linespacingsran gingfrom0.8to1.8(font: Arial).Our findingsprovideevide ncethatreadability,measu redvia

meanfixationd uration,increased significantlywithfontsize.Further,c omprehensionquestionshadsign ificantly

morecorrect responsesforfontsize s18and26.For linespacing,we foundmarginale ects,suggestingt hat thetwotes tedextrem es(0.8and1.8)impairread ability. Thesefindingsprov ideevidencethattex t-heavywebsites shouldusefontsofs ize18orlarger andusedefault lin e spacingwhenthegoalisto makeawebpageeas ytoread andcompr ehend.Ourresultssignificantlydi erfrom previousrecommendations, presumably,becausethisis thefirstwor ktocoverfonts izesbeyon d14point s.

AuthorKeywor ds

Readability;comprehension;fontsize ;linespacing;

onlinereading;text presentation;eye-tr acking;

Wikipedia.

ACMClassificationKeyw ords

H.5.0Inform ationInterfacesandPresentati on:General; H.5.2Informat ionInterfacesandPresentation :UserIn-terfaces - Screendesign,sty leguides.

INTRODUCTION

Whileitmayseema littl eold-fashion ed,readingiss ti ll oneofthe pri marywaysto interactwithcomputi ngde- vices.Andasmoreandmore content ands ervicesm ove Permissiontomakedigitalorha rdcopi esofallorpar tofthisworkfor personalorclassroomuseis grante dwithoutfeeprovidedthatcop ies arenotma deordistr ibutedforpro fitorc ommercialadvantageand thatcopies bearthisnoticeandthe fullcitationonthefirst page. Copyrightsforcomponentsof thisw orkownedbyothersthanA CM mustbehono red.Ab stractingwithcreditispe rmitted.Tocopy otherwise,orrepub lish, topostonserversortoredistributetolists, requirespriorspecificpe rmissionand/ora fee.Requestpermissions frompermissi ons@acm.org.

CHI'16,May07-12,2016,SanJose,CA,USA.

Copyrightc!2016A CMISBN/978-1-4503-3362-7/16/05...$15.00. muy fácil 'very easy' muy difícil 'very difficult'

Facilidad comprensión

'Ease of comprehension'

101214182226

0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40

Font SizeFixation Duration Mean (ms)

0.811.41.8

0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40

Line Spacing

Fixation Duration Mean (ms)Fixation Duration Mean (ms)Fixation Duration Mean (ms)Font SizeLine Spacing

Figure1.ExampleofaWi kipe diaarticle use din the

experiment. online,readingincre asinglytakesplacesonsc reensand inw ebbrowsers.Im provingreadabilityofte xtinthe

Webisoneof themost simple ande

ectivewaystoim- proveusabilityan deaseaccesstoinformation-also for peoplewithspecial needs,suchas elderlypeople[14],or peoplewithprint disabilities[ 26],such aspeoplewith lowvision [18]ord ysl exia[23,29]. Inthis work,readabilityreferstotheeasewith which a readercanreadandun derstan dawritte ntext. Itonly referstothepropert iesofth epresentat ionofthetext, notthec ontentofth etextitself.Oneoft hec rucial factorsforreadabilit yinth iscontextisfontsize[21,24] togetherwithlinespac ing[25].

Designerswhotrytofindtheop timalfonts izeandline

spacingfortheirwebpage sfacea myriadofconflicting recommendations.JakobNielsen,oneoftheexpertsi n webusabili ty,stressestoallowuserstocon trolthesize ofth efont[21]. 1

However,asmanyuserswill notad just

thetextdi splaysettings ,hesuggeststouse10points asm inimumfontsize.According toasurve yontypo- graphicdesignpatter nsandbestpractic es[20],in2009 themostuse dfontsizew as13pointsandth emostused linespacingw as148%(linespacingof1.23)oft hefont size.Inareplic ationofth est udyin2013,thefontsizes

14and 16points wer emostpopular[13].Ye t,thesenum-

bersrepresen tbest-practices,whicharenotne cessarily backedupbyscient ificst udies.

Researchonfontsizehasalong hi storyinthe HCICom-

munity.Previousresearch [1,2,3,4,5,8,14]has exten- sivelyexploredfonts izesof10,12,and14points,and typicallyfoundthatthebiggest testedfontsiz eleadsto thebestre sults.However ,thisleavesanumberofopen questions.First,ithaslargelyign oredlinespacingas parameter[9].Secon d,thestudiesmostlyf ocusonread - ability,whilecomprehen sion,i.e.,wh etherthereaderac- tuallyunderstood thecontentofthetext,ismostlynot measured.Third,wedidnotfin danygeneral-population studyexploringfon tsizesabove16points,event hough previousfindingsindicate biggerfontsleadtobett erre- sults. Inthis paper,wereport fromauserstudyt hataddre sses theseopenquestion s.With104p articipants,wecon- ductedanexperiment tod eterminethee ectoffontsi ze andline spacingonreadabi lityandcomprehension of textsonwebsites. Usin ga17-inchmonitorwithinte- gratedeye-trac ker,theparticipantshadtoreadwebtext ina Firefoxbrowser,displayedinitsd efaultsans-serif font:Arial.We compared 6fontsizes(10,12,14,18,

22,an d26point s)an d4linespacings(0.8,1.0, 1.4,and

1.8).Thepar ticipantsh adtoreadarticlesfromapopu-

lartext -heavywebsite:Wikipedia(seeFigure1).

Ourmainfind ingsare:

-Fontsizehad significantandl argee!ectsonreadabil- ityandcompr ehensi on.Bothaspectsimprovedsignif- icantlywithincreasi ngfontsizesu ntil18/22points- farbeyon dthetypicalrecom mendationsof 10/12/14 points. -Linespacing hadasmallbutsignifican te!ectoncom- prehension,suggestingthattoosmallor toolarge spacingsmayimpaircomp rehension. -Ontheb asisofourfind ings,werecom men dtouse 18 pointsfontsizeandd efaultlin espacingifthe goalis tooptim izereadabilityandcompreh ensionofwebtext content. 1 http://www.nngroup.com/articles/ let-users-control-font-size/

RELATEDWORK

FontSize

Inhisar ticleonthe Top10Mis takesinW ebDesign,

2 JakobNielsen arguesthatusingtoosm allfontsizesis one oft hemostfreq uentmistak esmadeintoday'swebsite design.Preferably,u sersshouldbeallowedtoadjust thefontsi zetotheir individualnee ds.Ye t,Nielsenalso pointsoutthatusers aretypi callytool azytochange fontswhenview ingwebsites .Consequently,toensur e goodreadabil ity,itisessentialforwebsitestop rovid e appropriatedefaults.Nielsenr ecommendstousefont sizesofatleast10poi nts or12p ointsforelder lyr eaders.

However,previousresearch cometodi

erentconclusions abouttheid ealfontsize :

Bernardetal .[3]pe rformedastudywith60partic-

ipantsmeasuringr eadingtime,preference,and errors whilereadingthe textoutloudusingeigh tdi erentfont typesand10,12and14poin ts.Fon tsof 10poi ntswer e readsignific antlymoreslowlythanfontsof12points.I n asu bsequentexperiment,Bernardeta l.[4]com pared thereadabil ityoftwofonts-ArialandTimes-and two fontsizes-10 and12points-inanex per imentw ith 35 participants.Theexperimentusedthes amedepende nt thantheothe rconditions andthe12-pointArialtypeface waspref erredtotheothertypefaces.

Inorder tounderstandt heimp actofageonreading,

Bernardetal .[2]st udiedthee!ectsoffonttype and

sizeonthelegi bil ityandreadi ngtimeofonlinetextby olderadults.T heycomparedlegibility ,readingtime , andthep articipants 'preferencesoftextsdisplayedwith sans-serifandseriffonts,andfont sizes 12and14points. The12-points eriffontswerere adoutloudsignificantl y slowerthan14serifand sans-serif fon ts,andparticipants preferredlargerfontsizes.

Inthec ontextofhand heldcomputers,Darro chetal .

[14]in vestigatedthee!ectoffontsi zes rangingfrom twoto16poin ts,meas uri ngthereadingspeed( silent reading),readingaccuracy, andsubjectiveviews among twogroups, 12oldand12youngreader s.T heydi dnot findanysign ificantd i erencesneitherbetwee ntheage groups,norforthefont sizesr angingf rom6to16poin ts, whichmaybedueto therather smallsam plesize.

Banerjeeetal .[1]pe rformedastudywith40partici -

pants,whohadtore adtextsaloud using thefont sizes

10,12,an d14p oints.S itt ingatadistanceof60to70c m

fromthemoni tor,the14-poi ntfontsleadtoasignifi cant fasterreadingandw aspreferredoversmal lerfont sizes.

Bhatiaetal .[8]st udiedthee!ectof,amongs tother

factors,fontsizeonreadab ility.Agr oupof180under- graduatestudentshad totakepartinatext-readinge x- perimentandindicatetheirp refer encesinasurvey.The fontsizest hatBhatiaeta l.testedwere10,12,and 2 http://www.nngroup.com/articles/ 2013.

14poi nts.Unfortunately,the surveyresponsesdidnot

revealanysignifican te ects. Therelate dworkdescribeduntil nowapprox imatedtext readabilityviapreferences,re adingtime ,anderrors madewhiler eadingthetextalou d.However,thesemea- sureshavedrawb acks.Subjecti vereadabilitymaynot matchobjectiv ereadability.Fastreadingtim esdonot necessarilyindicategoodreadability .Forexample,par- ticipantsmaysimplyskimte xtswhichar edi cultto read.Readingal oudmayintroduceunsy stematicv ari- ancethrought heextrareadingac tivity,and isnoteco- logicallyvalidforwebre ading.

Asar eme dy,BeymerandRussel[6]ex ploredtheuse

ofobj ectivemeasuresofreadability :theydeveloped

WebGazeAnalyzer,as ys temtomonitorreadingpe rfor-

mancewithaney etracker.This sy stemallows ,amongst otherthings,to recordtheeyes'fixati onsdurat ions, whichareanobjecti veindi cator oftextreadability[19,

27,31].Thel ongertheey esfixatetextpar tsatatime ,

thehigher thelikelihoodth atthereade risencountering di cultiesinreadingthete xt.Usi ngthissystemina al.[5]st udiedthee!ectofthefon tsi zes10,12,and14 pointsonreadability andc omprehensionscores.When using10pointsfont siz e,fixationdurations resulted significantlylongerascomparedto14points .They alsofoundsi gnificantdi erencestakingintoaccoun tthe motherlanguageofthepar ticipants,non -nat iveEnglish subjectshadsignificantlylonge rfixation s. Inasim ilar setup,Relloetal .[29]st udiedthee!ectof fontsizeont heabilityofpeop le whoweredi agnosedwith dyslexiatoreadtexts.They foundt hatlargerfont sizes thantheus ual10,12,14point sledtoshorte rfix ation durations.

Thefindings frompreviousworkunani mouslyindi cate

thatthefon tsizesof10t o12points,as suggestedby

Nielsenandothersource s,might besuboptimal, and

thatfontsiz esthatarelar gerthanthetraditi onal10,12,

14poi ntsledtosignifican timprove mentsi nreadability

andcompr ehension.

DependenciesofFont Size

Previousworkindicatesthat fontsizei sinterdependent withfonttype[ 3,5].Mostof theprevi ousw orkappliest o thetwomos tcommonfonts usedonscre enandprinted texts,ArialandTimes,respectively[12].Oneof the reasonsisthatfont sizecan resultintod i erentletter sizesfordi erentfonttypes, 3 sopart softheobserved e ectsmightbedu etotheactuals izeofth eletters .In consequence,researchonthee ectoffonts ize needsto considerthefonttype,e.g.,by atleast maki ngclearfor whichfonttypeth efindingsare valid,orconsid erletters ofth esamereals izeeventi fdi erentinpointsize . 3 Fortheint erestedread er,seeFigure1inBoyarskietal. [10],whoco mparedTimeswithGeorgiaandVerdana. Inaddi tion,noticethatifthecolum nwidthisfixed,t he numberofcharacterper colu mndependsonthefontsize .

LineSpacing

Linespacingreferstothevertic aldistan cebetween the baselinesoftwotextlines.T hec onceptisal soknow asleadingfromtheday sofhand-typ esettingandline- heightinCSS. Thebiggertheli nespacing, thefurther twosenten cesareapartvertically.

Wefound nospecificguid eline sforlinespacingofweb

texts.Bydefault,br owsers computethelinespacingr el- ativetothefont size.A spacingof1. 0equatesto 120% ofth efontsize. 4

Inbes t-practicerecommendations,this

spacingof1.0isoftenname das "generall ythemos tread- ableanddoe sn'tre quirethatyoudoanythings pecial". 5

However,nostudiesareci ted.

AccordingtoareviewbyBi x[9],the vastamountof

literatureindicatesthattheopti malamountofspacing highlydependsonot herfactors.Exceptforthe gene ral recommendationtoavoidtoolittleandtoom uchspac - ing,norul esaregiv en.quotesdbs_dbs17.pdfusesText_23