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U.S.Department

ofCommerce

NationalBureau

ofStandards

ComputerScience

andTechnology

5^NBSSpecialPublication500-75

Validation,Verification,

andTestingof

ComputerSoftware

iMEWBOOKmif

NATIONALBUREAUOFSTANDARDS

AbsolutePhysicalQuantities' - RadiationResearch - Thermodynamicsand MolecularScience - AnalyticalChemistry - MaterialsScience. AppliedMathematics - ElectronicsandElectricalEngineering^ - Mechanical EngineeringandProcessTechnology^ - BuildingTechnology - FireResearch -

ConsumerProductTechnology - FieldMethods.

ProgrammingScienceandTechnology - ComputerSystemsEngineering. mailingaddressWashington,DC20234.

ComputerScience

andTechnology

NBSSpecialPublication500-75

Validation,Verification,

andTestingof

ConnputerSoftware

W.RichardsAdrion

MarthaA.Branstad

JohnC.Cherniavsky

CenterforProgrammingScienceandTechnology

NationalBureauofStandards

Washington,DC20234

U.S.DEPARTMENTOFCOMMERCE

PhilipM.Klutznick,Secretary

TechnologyandInnovation

NationalBureauofStandards

ErnestAmbler,Director

IssuedFebruary1981

ReportsonComputerScienceandTechnology

thispublication.

CODEN:XNBSAV

U.S.GOVERNMENTPRINTINGOFFICE

WASHINGTON:1980

Price$3.75

(Add25percentforotherthanU.S.mailing)

TABLEOFCONTENTS

Page

1.1AttributesofQualitySoftware2

1.2VerificationThroughouttheLifecycle6

Chapter2AnOverviewofTesting11

2.1Concepts11

2.2DynamicTesting12

2.3StructuralvsFunctionalTesting13

2.4StaticTesting14

2.5ManualvsAutomatedTesting14

Chapter3VerificationTechniques16

3.1GeneralVerificationTechniques16

PROOFOFCORRECTNESSTECHNIQUES19

SIMULATION20

3.2TestDataGeneration22

3.3FunctionalTestingTechniques23

BOUNDARYVALUEANALYSIS23

ERRORGUESSINGANDSPECIALVALUEANALYSIS24

CAUSEEFFECTGRAPHING25

DESIGNBASEDFUNCTIONALTESTING25

3.4StructuralTestingTechniques26

COVERAGE-BASEDTESTING26

COMPLEXITY-BASEDTESTING28

-iii-

3.5TestDataAnalysis30

STATISTICALANALYSESANDERRORSEEDING30

MUTATIONANALYSIS32

3.6StaticAnalysisTechniques32

FLOWANALYSIS33SYMBOLICEXECUTION35

3.7DynamicAnalysisTechniques36

3.8CombinedMethods39

3.9TestSupportTools39

TESTDOCUMENTATION40TESTDRIVERS40

AUTOMATICTESTSYSTEMSANDTESTLANGUAGES41

Chapter4Summary43

GLOSSARY46

REFERENCES51

-iv-

W.RichardsAdrion

MarthaA.BranstadJohnC.Cherniavsky

Programmingisanexerciseinproblemsolv-

andtechniquesaredescribed. softwaretesting;testdatageneration;test coverage;automatedsoftwaretools;software

1ifecycle

-1- developedwithintheGovernment. softwarequality.

1.1AttributesofQualitySoftware

-2- stillexhibitingtheotherdesiredqualities. beasresilientaspossible. productofeachstage. requirementsphaseoftheproject. -3-

QualitySoftware

reliableI

IadequateI

Icorrect

complete consistent feasible robust testableI

IunderstandableI

I

Structured

concise self-descriptive measurableI

Iaccessibl

e communicative quantifiabl e usabl e efficient transportabl e maintainabl e thedevelopmentprocess. -4- fecycle. developmentlifecycle. executingtheprogramonsampledatasets.

Withtheprimarygoalofobtaininganexecuting

-5- adhocapplicationandlocalscope.

1.2VerificationThroughouttheLifecycle

:MENTS:MAINTENANCE:

Figure1.2TheSoftwareDevelopmentLifeCycle

developnentstages. I -6-

LifeCycleStageVerificationActivities

Requirements;

DetermineVerificationApproach

•DetermineAdequacyofRequirements 'GenerateFunctionalTestData

Design

;DetermineAdequacyofDesign 'GenerateStructuralandFunctional

TestData

Construction

:DetermineConsistencywithDesign :DetermineAdequacyofImplementation :'GenerateStructuralandFunctional :TestData :ApplyTestData

Operation

&Maintenance :Retest

Figure1.3LifeCycleVerificationActivities

performedateachotage: internaltestabilityandadequacy. construction structuresproducedduringpreviousstages. -7-

REQUIREMENTS.

DESIGN.

suchas[FIPS76],[BUCK79],or[IEEE79]. isbuiltup. -8-

CONSTRUCTION.

-9-

MAINTENANCE.

duplicationofeffortwillbeminimized. task. -10-

Chapter2AnOverviewofTesting

2.1Concepts

-11- e

2.2DynamicTesting

infeasible. -12- fundamentaltheoremoftestingwhichstates:

Ifthereexistsaconsistent,

setselectionforaprogram completecriterionfortest

Pandifatestsetsatisfying

testinstancessucceed,then include areexecuted. extremalfunctionvalues.

2.3StructuralvsFunctionalTesting

-13-

2.4StaticTesting

wel1-structuredness detailinChapter3.

2.5ManualvsAutomatedTesting

automated. ofthereport. -14-

TABLE2.1ASUMMARYOFTESTINGTECHNIQUES

TechniqueSection

Manual

Automatic

Static/

Dynamic

Structural

Functional

CorrectnessproofI3.11both1static1both1

WalkthroughsI3.11manual1dynamic1both1

InspectionsI3.11manual1static1both

1

DesignreviewsandIaudits1

3.11manual1static1both

1

DeskcheckingI3.11manual1both1structural

Peerreview13.11manual1both1structural

Designbased1

1functionaltesting1

3.3Imanual1dynamic1functional

1Coveragebased1

1metrictesting1

3.41automated1both1structural

1Complexitybased1

1metrictesting1

3.41automated1both1structural

1Compilerbased1

1analysis1

361automated1static1structural

-15-

Chapter3VerificationTechniques

3.1GeneralVerificationTechniques

verificationisdescribed.

DESKCHECKINGANDPEERREVIEW.

andreviews -16- peerreviewpanel teammoderator. applicationofthetestdata. -17- ofthefinishedsoftware. useofformalreviewsandincludes: identifiedandspecifiedatthisstage. consistency -18- atalllevels.

PROOFOFCORRECTNESSTECHNIQUES.

treatedseparately. decidable -19- s intendedfunction. in[DIJK72].

Programintegerr,dd;

r:=a;dd:=d whiledd<=rdodd:=2*dd; whiledd~=ddo begindd:=dd/2; ifdd<=rdor:=r-dd end programmer

SIMULATION.

generationtechnique -20- stages information -21-

3.2TestDataGeneration

ovens,automobiles,etc. 'Asecondpossibilityistousethis -22-

3.3FunctionalTestingTechniques

BOUNDARYVALUEANALYSIS.

quotesdbs_dbs19.pdfusesText_25