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PUNJAB SCHOOL EDUCATION BOARD
© Punjab Government
First Edition 2018-19 .................... 43,000 copies All rights, including those of translation, reproduction and annotation etc., are reserved by the
Punjab Government
Written by :
Major Pardeeep Kumar (Retd.)
Vetted by :Ms Prabhjot Kaur
Co-ordinator :Ms. Surabhi Jaikwal
Cover Design :Mr. Manjit Singh Dhillon
WARNING
1. The Agency-holders shall not add any extra binding with a view to charge
extra money for the binding. (Ref. Cl. No. 7 of agreement with Agency- holders).
2. Printing, Publishing, Stocking, Holding or Selling etc., of spurious Text-
books qua text-books printed and published by the Punjab School Education Board is a cognizable offence under Indian Penal Code.
Price : Rs.
Published by :Secretary, Punjab School Education Board, Vidya Bhavan Phase-8 Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar-160062 printed by Tania Graphics, Srabha Nagar, Santokhpura, Jalandhar. (iii)
FOREWORD
Punjab School Education Board has always endeavoured to provide the students with most contemporary and appropriate content through regular review. This book aims to develop four basic skills of English language teaching : Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing, along with the necessary elements of grammar and vocabulary. The present book has been designed in such a way so as to promote the much-needed skills, along with developing cultural awareness, dictionary skills and promote reading of supplementary materials. The Punjab School Education Board has been instrumental in providing the best platform for English language teaching to the entire populace of school students. New and updated syllabi has been prepared for classes I to X. New textbooks prepared on the basis of revised syllabi are presently being used by all the schools in Punjab. The book, in hand, is a composite book for
Senior Secondary classes XI and XII.
The language teaching for class XI And XII includes course books, 'The Panorama of Life' for class XI and 'A Rainbow of English' for class XII. Through "English Grammar and Composition for Senior Secondary Classes" we aim to develop the communicative abilities of the students from rural as well urban background. The topics have been carefully chosen to match the interests of the current generation of learners who are globally aware and sufficiently exposed to the contemporary trends. The book covers a wide range of topics from international areas as well as those closer to home. Emphasis has been on providing the students with variety of expressions to use the language as a tool of effective communication in their academic as well as professional field. For practice, the exercises are given at the end of each chapter. This book has been prepared under the guidance of Director Academics, written by Major Pardeep Kumar (Retd.), Recognised Trainer- Department of Personnel and Training, New Delhi (Lecturer English-Govt. Senior Secondary School, Bhim Nagar, Moga). It has been vetted by Mrs.
Prabhjot Kaur, Deputy Director SCERT, Punjab.
We would gratefull welcome comments and suggestions from teachers, experts and students as well to improve this books further.
Chairman
Punjab School Education Board
(iv)
PREFACE
'English Grammar and Composition for Senior Secondary Classes' is intended for students of Senior Secondary Classes. I hope that the learners as well as the teachers find it useful. This book is a comprehensive illustration of various aspects of English grammar in very clear, modern and contemporary English with numerous examples. This book is prepared to help the students to use the language as an effective tool of communication. This book will cater to the needs of the Senior Secondary school students who pursue their studies in their native language. Grammar and vocabulary items are explained through relevant contexts, rather than in isolation. The tasks and activities are extremely motivational and encouraging, and cater to a mixed ability group of learners. This was done to sensitise our learners as to where they go wrong while using the language. Activities are built in such a way as to encourage real-life use of the language. There are ample numbers of exercises on almost each point discussed and explained. Extensive end-of-chapter exercise sets provide the opportunity to practice style & composition principles and encourage readers to apply them to their own writing. This book has been an honest effort to come up as a trustworthy friend, who comes to you, sits with you and speaks to you in intimate terms, explains what all you should know to use the language as a natural flow of your thoughts. I wish to express my gratefulness to the Chairman, Punjab School Education Board, for being a pillar of strength through his consistent motivation and encouragement.I would also thank Mrs. Manjit Kaur, Director Academic, P.S.E.B. Mohali and Mrs. Prabhjot Kaur, Deputy Director, SCERT, Punjab for their valuable guidance and fruitful insights in drafting this book. I would like to acknowledge the valuable contribution of all members of the Textbook Development Committee and many other teachers for their inputs in the prepration of this grammar. Suggestions for improvement by large hearted readers and well-wishers shall be gratefully accepted.
Major Pardeep Kumar (Retd.)
(v)
TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE
WRITER :Major Pardeep Kumar (Retd.), RT-DoPT (GOI), Lecturer
English GSSS, Bhim Nagar, Moga.
VETTER :Ms Prabhjot Kaur, Deputy Director, SCERT
MEMBERS
1. Ms Navneet Kaur, Subject Expert, SCERT
2. Ms Farzana Shamim, Lecturer English, GSSS, Chand Baja, Faridkot.
3. Ms Anurag Sidhu, Lecturer English, GSSS, Ramgarh Bhudda.
4. Ms Varinder Sekhon, Lecturer English, GSSS, Machhali Kalan, S.A.S
Nagar.
5. Ms Bindu Gulati, Principal, GSSS, Rurki Khas, Hoshiarpur.
6. Ms Maninder Kaur, Lecturer English, GSSS, Khamano Kalan, Fatehgarh
Sahib.
7. Ms Rosy Mehta, Social Science Mistress, GSSS, Attati Firozpur.
8. Ms Sunita Singh, English Mistress, GHS Mansoorwala Dona,
Kapurthala.
9. Mr. Deepak Sharma, Lecturer English, GSSS, Naseshra, Amritsar.
10. Mr. Indu Prakash, Rtd. English teacher.
(vi)
SYLLABUS
ENGLISH-XI
Sr. No. Name of the Topic
GRAMMAR
(a) Prepositions (b) Determiners (c) Use of the same word as noun, verb and adjective (d) Modals (e) Tenses (f) Removal and Use of 'Too' (g) Voice (h) Narration
COMPOSITION
(a) Note Making (b) Message Writing (c) Notice Writing (d) Advertisements (e) Letter Writing (Social, Personal Only) (vii)
SYLLABUS
ENGLISH-XII
Sr. No. Name of the Topic
GRAMMAR
(a) Determiners (b) Use of Non-finites (Infinitives, Gerunds, Participles) (c) Transformation of Sentences (d) Voice (e) Narration
COMPOSITION
(a) Precis Writing (b) Letter Writing (Official/Business/To Editors and Applications) (d) Explaining Newspaper Headlines (e) E-Mail Writing (viii)
CONTENTS
ENGLISH-XII
Sr. No. Name of the Topic Page No.
GRAMMAR
1.Parts of Speech 1 - 7
2.Determiners 8 - 36
3.Prepositions 37 - 61
4.Modals 62 - 81
5.Use of Non-Finites 82 - 115
(Infinitives, Gerunds and Participles)
6.Transformation of Sentences 116 - 144
(Including Removal and Use of 'Too')
7.Use of the Words as Nouns, Verbs 145 - 156
and Adjectives
8.Change of Voice 157 - 177
9.Change of Narration 178 - 201
10.Advertisements 202 - 209
11.Notice Writing 210 - 219
12.Note Making 220 - 233
13.Message Writing 234 - 239
14.Letter Writing 240 - 262
15.E-mail Writing 263 - 272
16.Precis Writing 273 - 283
17.Newspaper Headlines 284 - 288
18.The Art of Translation 289 - 309
19.Unseen Comprehension 310 - 324
Words perform different functions in a sentence. They convey different meanings as per their position in the sentence. Based on their use and functions, words are categorised into several types or parts of speech.
1. Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Adjective 4. Verb
5. Adverb 6. Preposition 7. Conjunction 8. Interjection
NOUN Nouns are the simplest among the parts of speech. A Noun refers to words that are used to name persons, things, animals, places, ideas or events. In simple words, nouns are naming words. Manav, boys, class, Chandigarh, cattle, happiness, marriage are examples of nouns. Let us look at some of these for clear understanding.
For Example :
1.Shakespeare was a great dramatist.
The underlined word is a noun that refers to a person.
2. This
book is new. The underlined word is a noun that refers to a thing. 3.
Moga is my beloved city.
The underlined word is a noun that refers to a place. * Explain various parts of speech and use them. * Noun * Verb * Adverb * Pronoun * Preposition * Conjunction * Adjective * InterjectionAfter the completion of this chapter, the learner will be able to : 1
Learning
Objectives
PARTS OF SPEECH
1
2 Parts of Speech
4.Love is the best feeling.
The underlined word is a noun that refers to an idea. 5.
Sympathy can be extremely helpful.
The underlined word is a noun that refers to an idea. 6.
Lion is the king of the jungle.
The underlined word is a noun that refers to an animal.
7. I celebrated my
anniversary. The underlined word is a noun that refers to an event.
We can categorise nouns as given below:
a. Proper Nouns : They always start with a capital letter and refer to specific names of persons, places, or things. For Example : The Adi Granth, The Vindhyas, Bharat b. Common Nouns : They are just generic names of persons, things, or places.
For Example : house, school.
c. Concrete Nouns : They refer to nouns which you can perceive through your five senses.
For Example : mud, cement, wood.
d. Abstract Nouns : These are nouns which you can't perceive through your five senses.
For Example : sadness, happiness.
e. Countable Nouns - Anything that is countable, and has a singular and plural form is a countable noun.
For Example : dogs, bats.
f. Uncountable Nouns : Anything that cannot be counted and needs to have 'counters' to quantify it with terms like kilo, cup, meter, etc. For Example : dust, sand, water, a sack of sand, a pail of water. g. Collective Nouns : Such nouns refer to a group of persons, animals, or things. For Example : cluster, class, herd : a class of boys, a herd of cattle, a cluster of stars
PRONOUN
1. Manas is a good athlete. He practises for at least ten hours a day.
2. Simarjit is a good cook.
She has also written a recipe book.
English Grammar and Composition3
In the above sentences, the nouns, 'Manas' and 'Simarjit' are replaced by 'He' and 'She' in the subsequent sentences. These are used in place of the nouns, 'Manas' and 'Simarjit' to avoid repetition. Such words are called pronouns. They are 'Friends of Nouns'. They belong to a sub class of nouns.
They define new creations.
Pronouns are of the following types:
1. Personal Pronouns: I, we, you, he, she, it, etc.
2. Indefinite Pronouns: one, someone, somebody, all, etc.
3. Relative Pronouns: who, whom, what, as, that, etc.
4. Demonstrative Pronouns: this, these, those, such, etc.
5. Distributive Pronouns: each, either, neither, etc.
6. Interrogative Pronouns: which, whose, who, etc.
ADJECTIVE
An adjective is a word that is used to qualify or describe a noun or a pronoun. An adjective is descriptive by nature. Adjectives add something to the meaning of a noun or a pronoun. Examples : a red pencil, a blue shirt, a smart boy.
1. It is a
red pencil.
2. He is wearing a
blue shirt.
3. Harry is a
smart boy.
The underlined words are Adjectives.
There are different kinds of adjectives. They express the quality or state of mind of the word they qualify. a. Adjectives of Quality : They tell the quality or the state of something they qualify, e.g, nice couple, happy life, fine cloth. b. Adjectives of Quantity : They tell us how much of a thing is expressed. e.g, some, much, little, less etc.
Much ado about nothing.
All the fruits were fresh.
c. Adjectives of Numbers : They tell us how many persons or things are expressed. e.g, many, all, two, three, a few, etc.
4 Parts of Speech
A student was writing on the blackboard.
Two monkeys were fighting with each other.
Many girls were playing in the ground.
They are sub divided into:
(i) Cardinal numbers : Exact numbers like one, two, three etc. (ii) Ordinal numbers : They denote ranks or order like first, second, third, etc. (iii) Indefinite adjectives : They do not express any exact number; some, any, all, enough, few, no, none etc. For Example :Enough money was given to the beggar.
All the players applauded their team.
d. Distributive Adjectives : Express that persons or things denoted by the noun are taken singly or in separate lots, such as: each, every, neither, either etc.
For Example :Each child was given an orange.
Every student had a book in hand.
e. Demonstrative Adjectives : They are used to point out the persons or things that they qualify, such as: this, that, those, such etc.
For Example :This chair is made of teak wood.
Such elements are harmful for our health.
f. Interrogative Adjectives : They are used to ask questions, e.g., which, what, whose etc.
For Example :Whose book is that?
Which house is theirs?
Which dress will you wear?
g. Possessive Adjectives : They indicate possession of a thing or person.
For Example :My story is interesting.
Your shirt is beautiful.
His picture was excellent.
h. Proper Adjectives :
They are derived from proper nouns and always
begin with a capital letter, e.g., The African Safari, The English Queen. For Example :We enjoyed the African Safari in Kenyan jungles. An
Indian writer won the Nobel Prize.
English Grammar and Composition5
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