Contents Elements of Good Research Writing Introduce the research question and explain the Examples of APA format can be found on pages 9 and 10
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Contents Elements of Good Research Writing Introduce the research question and explain the Examples of APA format can be found on pages 9 and 10
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University of North Alabama INTRODUCTION TO APA STYLE Center for WRITING EXCELLENCE Cayla Buttram David MacMillan III DrL Robert TL Koch JrL January 4235
INTRODUCTIONTOAPASTYLE2Contents Elements of Good Research D Writing LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL 5 Formal Research Model CInset Box LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL 5 What does APA Mean? LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL 5 APA Layout Overview CInset Box LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL 6 Creating a reference page LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL 6 InYtext citation LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL 7 Source integration LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL 7 Block quoting Cand example LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL 8 Signal phrases LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL 8 Examples LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL 8 Organizing information LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL 9 Headings LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL 9 Bullets and numbering LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL 1 Tables LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL 1 Contributors LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL 1 Formatting examples LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL 0 Title page and abstract LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL 0 Body pages and reference page LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL 32 References LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL 33
INTRODUCTIONTOAPASTYLE3Organizing Formal Research Papers If you are writing a formal research paperS the following elements are usually usedL Introduction Introduce the research question and explain the background of the issue you are researchingL Review of Literature Synthesize background research on the topicL Methodology Explain your experimentEresearch processL Findings Provide the data produced by your researchL Discussion Explain the implications of your findings along with your research conclusionsLIntroduction to APA Style The American Psychological Association has set the standard for communication in the medical and social sciences since 3040L This guide is based primarily on the Publication Manual of the APAS Sixth Edition © 4232L Elements of Good Research and Writing Each paragrap h or section of a research paper needs to have three dis tinct par ts: claimS evidenceS an d discussionL Th e claim is the paragraph or sectionÕs main ideaS an d it refers back to the thesis Cthe main idea of your paperL Evidence is the information you find in your research that sup ports your claimL La stS the discussion explains how the evidence given is relevant to the claimL Simply presenting the evidence is never enoughL Always explain how the source can be used to support the claim as well as how it helps develop the overall purpose of the paperL It is better to have one or two sourc es that are thoroughly explained than to have three or four sources that have no context or explanationL When using primary researchS such as interviews or surveysS the research methods also need to be explainedL HoweverS w hen evidence consists of secondary sourcesS such as a journal or bookS you rely on the citation information to explain why each source is usefulL What does APA Mean? Formal research projects include specific content sectionsS briefly explained in the box aboveL HoweverS not all APA papers are formal research projectsS so your paper might not include all of these sectionsL CAsk your professor or check your assignment sheetL An ÒAPA paperÓ refers to the formatting of contentS not necessarily the content itselfL This formatting dictates the specifics of elements such as the title pageS abstractS inYtext citationsS and reference pageL The use of a specific format allows the reader of your paper to quickly identify the information they needS such as how and where information was obtainedL APA is intended primarily for use in the sciencesL The most important piece of information for APA citation is the date; in APAS newer knowledge is almost always preferredL Examples of APA format can be found on pages 0 and 32L The text in this document describes the elements pictured in these examplesS as needed for an APA paperL
INTRODUCTIONTOAPASTYLE4APA Layout Overview Title page Provides the authorÕs nameS the titleS the running head Cshort titleS and the university affiliationL May contain additional information in an author note Csee page 0L Abstract Header matches the body pagesS not the title pageL Includes a concise and nonYevaluative summary of the research projectS describing the problemS the method of studyS the basic findingsS and the implications in only a paragraphI See page 0L Body pages Starts with the full title centered on the first pageL 34 pointS Times New Roman fontS oneYinch marginsS indented doubleYspaced paragraphs Csee page 32L Reference page Starts with ÒReferencesÓ centered at the top of a new pageL Uses hanging indent to separate individual references Csee page 32LWhen you start researching and writingS remember that an important goal is keeping track of information sources and how th ey are rele vant to the topic and argum entL Introducing sources in a paper and identifying how they support claims are just as important as the technical aspects of the citation itselfL Creating a Reference Page All the so urces specif ically mentioned in you r paper must appearS alphabetizedS on your reference page Ccertain exce ptions exist for interviewsS extremely common source s such as scriptureS and personal communication; see the APA ManualL If your professo r asks y ou to include a bibliography of sources you read but did not referenceS this is also where they goL If Microsoft WordÕs ÒReferencesÓ tab is usedS be sure to check t he final product agai nst a style guideL Automatic formatting or citation machines are often incorrectL The point of citing sources is to provide the necessary information for the audience to be able to identifyS assessS and locate sourcesL Include as much information about the source as possibleL Correct formatting helps your reader quickly understand the informationL APA references follow this pattern: WhoL CWhenL WhatL WhereL WhoL Identify the authorS authorsS or editors of a documentL If a given document is produced by a corporate authorS then the name of that entity may be usedL The name of a websiteS howeverS should not be used here; it is part of WhereS along with the page URLL CWhenL Placing the latest date of publication in parentheses after the author indicates how recent the information isL The year of publication is usually sufficient; howeverS some source documentation formats require a more precise dateL It can be included in the following format: C4221S September 52 or C4221S SeptemberL If there is no dateS it is all right to use CnLdL to indicate thisL SometimesS thoughS sources without a date may not be reliableL WhatL This identifies the title of the articleS bookS webpageS filmS projectS sectionS or chapterL Only the first word and any proper nouns Cplus the first word of the subtitle should be capitalizedS regardless of how the capitalization looked in the original titleL Titles of major worksS like books and filmsS should be italicized; titles published within a larger work are not italicizedL Citations of a specific chapter in a book include the chapter title and the book title with only the book title italicizedL If the source is an editorialS monographS special sectionS diagramS or other uncommon sourceS indicate this at the end of the title using [brackets]L
INTRODUCTIONTOAPASTYLE5WhereL This provides the reader with instructions on how to find the WhatL The type of information listed here depends on what type of source is being citedL Include the page number range if citing a specific portion of the text not identified in the inYtext citationL The chart below provides some examples of formatting for common what and where elementsL What type of source Where Book titleL CityS State: PublisherL Article in a print journalL Journal nameS VOLCISSUEL Article in an online journal or magazineS located with URLL Journal nameS VOLCISSUEL Retrieved from http:EEURL Article in an online journalS located with doi numberL Journal nameS VOLCISSUEL Doi:TTTT Name of web siteL Retrieved from http:EEURL Web pageL Chapter in bookL Book title CppL TYTL Location: PublisherL HereÕs an example of a reference page citation: BakerS TL RLS D BednarzS SL WL C4225L Lessons learned from reviewing research in GIS educationL The Journal of GeographyS 324C8S 453Y455L If one of the whoEwhenEwhatEwhere elements is missingS organize whatever information is available such that when is still the second entry in the citationL For exampleS if you donÕt have an author for an online magazine articleS organize the citation based on whatS whenS and where: How to improve your writingL C4220S April 34L Better Communication WeeklyL Retrieved from http:EEwwwLbettercommunicationLnetEarticlesE4220E275375 For more examples of APA citationsS visit http:EEowlLenglishLpurdueLeduEowlEresourceE782E3 or look at the APA Sixth Edition Publication ManualL InYText Citations All works used within the paper must be citedS both on the reference page Cas described above and in the text of the paperL If you use ideas or paraphrase information from another source wit hout citing itS you are plag iarizingL Al l specific statements of fact that are not your own personal experience or general knowl edge must be citedL InYtext citations should always include the authorÕs name and may require a page numberL See the Writing CenterÕs page on source integration for more information on specific types of inYtext citationL Choosing Text to Integrate 3L Read the entire textS noting the key points and main ideasL 4L Summarize in your own words what the single main idea of the essay isL 5L Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the essayL 6L Consider any wordsS phrasesS or brief passages that you believe should be quoted directlyL
INTRODUCTIONTOAPASTYLE6When deciding which information to integrate into your paperS you should first read the entire textL Make sure that the main ideas and key points within the source agree with what you wish to sayL It is not acceptable to simply take a portion of the text and misrepresent the authorÕs meaningL Summarize any ideas or text that you believe are importantL Proper summarization should condense the main idea or text of several pages Cor even the entire sourceI into a brief overviewL By summarizingS you save many paragraphs or pages of unnecessary textL When using inYtext citations for summariesS you must always cite the authorL If there is no author listedS cite the article nameL Summaries do not require page numbers; this is because the text summarized will usually cover several pages of textL Some bits of text may be too important or detailed to summarizeL If you are unable to summarize the informationS then you should paraphraseL Paraphrasing involves putting the text into your own wordsL Paraphrased information is usually shorter than the original textS but it gives a more detailed view than simply summarizingL All ideas should be attributed to the original authorS even though the words used are your ownL For paraphrasesS include the page number from the original sourceL Quoting should only be used when the authorÕs words are so precisely and accurately stated that they cannot be paraphrased or when you intend to dissect the meaning of a specific bit of textL Professors usually prefer students to avoid quotations unless they are absolutely necessaryL Direct quotations that are less than 62 words should be incorporated into the textS surrounded by quotation marksS and citedL Quotations that are more than 62 words should be placed in a block quote without quotation marks around itL The parenthetical citation for block quotes should always go outside of the ending punctuationL See example at rightL It is important to introduce sources that you are summarizingS paraphrasingS or quoti ngL When you introduce a source with the authorÕs name andEor the dateS this information does not need to be repeated in the parenth etical citation at the endL Introducing sources in this way is called signal phrasingL When using si gnal phrasesS alw ays remember that what is not signaled at the beginning of the sentence must be cited in parentheses at the endL Examples of inYtext citations for various signals: Limited signalS everything in citation L L L end of paraphrased or summarized sentenceS in which you convey the authorUs ideas in your own words CKreppS 3017S pL 325L N L L L end of quoted sentenceN CKreppS 3017S pL 325L Author and year in signalS page in citation In 3017S Krepp reported that L L L CpL 325L Krepp C3017 tells us that L L L CpL 325L
INTRODUCTIONTOAPASTYLE7According to Krepp C3017S NL L LN CpL 325L Multiple works signaled Clist alphabetically Studies CJonesS 3088; KreppS 3017; SmithS 3095 have shown that L L L No author L L L CNStocks Lose AgainSN 3003S pL B38L According to the news article ÒStocks Lose AgainÓ C3003S L L L CpL B38L To help the reader find the citation on the reference pageS start your inYtext citation with whatever comes first on the reference pageL This is usually the authorÕs last nameS but it can be the first part of the title if there is no authorL If the title is the name of the articleS put it in quotes; if the title is the name of a bookS put it in italicsL Add the year of publication so that the reader will know how current the information isL CRichardsS 4221 CÒHow to improve your writingSÓ 4220 CThe MerriamYWebster Collegiate DictionaryS 4224S pL 616 Page 399 of the APA Publication Manual provides a clear table for producing different types of inYtext citationsL Organizing Information APA style has specific recommendations for creating levels of headingL GenerallyS papers shorter than 7 pages will not require any headings; constructing paragraphs with topic sentences at the beginning and transitions at the end will serve to label and organize ideasL Headings exist to separate sections of the paperS not to label individual ideasS so headings should only be used when very large sections need to be separatedL If your professor has specific headings that heEshe wants to see in your paperS follow those recommendationsL Do not use numbersS lettersS or roman numerals with your headingsL For mediumYlength papers that only need to be broken up into 5 or 6 sectionsS use only the first level of headingL When those sections need to be broken up into smaller subdivisionsS use the second level of headingL When those secondYlevel sections are still long enough to require further organizationS use the third level of headingS and so onL Level of heading Format 3 CenteredS BoldfaceS Capitalized 4 Flush LeftS BoldfaceS Capitalized 5 IndentedS boldfaceS lowercase paragraph heading ending with a periodL 6 IndentedS boldfaceS italicizedS lowercase paragraph heading ending with a periodL 7 IndentedS italicizedS lowercase paragraph heading ending with periodL Methods Sample and Participant Selection Assessment and Measures QYsort measuresL Life history calendarL Results Outcome of Inhibited Children Personality and selfYesteemL Social networkL Life history and IQL Outcome of Aggressive Children Discussion Inhibited Children: Delayed Social Transitions Conclusions and Future Prospects
INTRODUCTIONTOAPASTYLE8Only very rarely will more than the first two or three levels of heading be necessaryL At above right is an example of how the levels of heading can be usedL Each heading should have a substantial quantity of text under itL AlsoS do not create subheadings if that subheading is the only one at its levelL The introduction will be the first section of your paperL SometimesS an introduction header is not used; ratherS it is assumedL Check with your professor to see if headings such as these are necessaryL Numbering and bulleting of list s can help organize groups of ideas in your paperL It is important that these lists maintain parallel struct ureS meaning that they need to follow the same gra mmarS syn taxS and conceptL Use ordinary numerals with a period following Csee example at rightL Only use a numbered list when the order of the material has some significance CimportanceS usefulnessS or chronologyL For lists that can be presented in any orderS use bullet sL Bullets can be small s quaresS circlesS arrowsS or anyth ing elseL RememberS howeverS that academic writing should be professional; gaudy icons as bullets wi ll lik ely distract readersL Whenever a large quantity of information needs to be displayedS you can use a table to organize and present itL The table needs to have a numerical label CTable 3 or Table C or Table IVS a title Cthis should usually be italicizedS and horizontal lines around the headings and at the base of the tableL You can use Microsoft WordÕs Insert > Table function to create theseS or you can use paragraph formatting to insert the horizontal lines where you need themL A basic table with simple data presentation is shown belowL Explanation of tables in your text is important so that the reader w ill understand th eir relevancyL Al ways reiterate the most impo rtant parts of the data and explain how they are related to your main argumentsL More complex tables can be made by using additional spanning lines to show different groups of data or a row of totals or averagesL For very large tablesS you can use boldface to highlight the most important points in the dataL It may also be necessary to add a short note underneath the bottom span line for definitionsL Contributors This APA style guide was revised in January 4235 by Cayla Buttram to assure correctnessS readabilityS and cohesion; it was originally created in June 4233 for the University of North Alabama Library and Center for Writing Excellence by David MacMillan III as part of the LibraryÕs libguide redesign programL AdditionallyS Amber HuettS DrL Robert KochS JrLS Kati e SandersS Ash Taylor Crum contributed to the contents and design of this guideL exceptionL The following steps are usually taken during the first few days of Marine Corps basic training Ccalled Recruit Receiving: 3L The ÒjarheadÓ Marine haircut is given to all the recruitsL 4L Uniforms and other items are issuedL 5L Recruits memorize the basic rules of boot campL 6L Lessons in drill and camp structure begin immediatelyL
INTRODUCTIONTOAPASTYLE9 Running head: LETTING GO 3 Letting Go: How Boot Camp Conditions Soldiers to Leave Their Homes Jane PL Jones and Robert RL Smith University of North Alabama Author Note This research project was completed in March 4233 with the help of DrL Jane Bruce in the Nursing Department during NU 675L Thanks to the ROTC at the university for help in conducting interviews and collecting dataL Most undergraduate papers will not require an author noteS but it is a good place for any additional information the title page might needL Ask your instructorL Use ÒDifferent First PageÓ to make this alternate headerL The title page is page 3L For more than two authorsS separate their names with commas and add ÒandÓ at the endL ÒJohn SmithS Paul JonesS and Ron MackLÓ LETTING GO 4 Abstract Boot camps are designed to provide recruits with a sense of group solidarity and identity within the military brotherhoodL This project attempted to determine what theories for the adoption of new social constructs are modeled by this trainingL Research for this project was conducted using interviews with the university ROTC and searches of prior studies in the nursing research databasesL This paper identifies the most common psychological systems used in boot campsL Ask your professor whether an abstract is requiredL Not all papers will need oneL The four sentences in this short paragraph introduce the topicEproblemS present the research questionS explain the types of research doneS and relate the intended resultsL Further summary is not necessaryL
INTRODUCTIONTOAPASTYLE10 LETTING GO 5 Letting Go: How Boot Camp Conditions Soldiers to Leave Their Homes For many soldiersS the most memorable aspect of their training was boot campL Boot camp is the transitional period wherein troops learn to identify with their branch of the armed forcesL The process of boot camp has grown along with the field of psychologyS and so a comparison between boot camp methods and psychological methods poses an interesting series of questionsL The 3094 Boot Camp Reform Act CThompsonS 4221 instituted a series of changes to the way that the various branches of the military conducted Basic TrainingL In LETTING GO 34 References KochS RL C4229L Pocket guide to Boot Camps C4nd edLL Boston: Houghton MifflinL SmithS MLS FlanaganS FLS JuddS ALS BurstynS ELS BullockS SLS KnightS SLS É JonesS ELBL C4224L Building connections through team projectsL Military Exchange QuarterlyS 32C5S 421Y435L StewartS TLS D BiffleS GL C3000L Relationships in social dynamicsL Psychiatric psychology: Contemporary practice CppL346Y351L Philadelphia: LippincottY Williams and WilkinsL VoltmeijerS IL AL C4222L A Buddhist response to the nature of human rightsL Journal of Buddhist EthicsS 1C6L doi:32L3222E314 WhitmeyerS JLML C4222L Power through appointment [Electronic version]L Social Science ResearchS 40S 757Y 777L Retrieved from http:EEwwwLssresearchLcomEarticlesE26375195675 The abstract pageS the first body pageS and all subsequent pages have the same headerL The title should be centered at the top of the first body pageL Double space all text in APA; use a hanging indent on the References page to show paragraphsL If an article has eight or more authorsS list the names of the first six authors followed by LLL and then the last authorUs name in the reference entryL For two to seven authorsS separate with commas and finish with the D symbolL When citing an online source or journalS list the doi or the URLL Article in a journalL Chapter in a bookL
INTRODUCTIONTOAPASTYLE11References American Psychological AssociationL C4223L Publication manual of the American Psychological Association C7th edLL Washington DLCL: American Psychological AssociationL APA formatting and style guide Ð The OWL at PurdueL C4229L Purdue University Online Writing LabL Retrieved from http:EEowlLenglishLpurdueLeduEowlEresourceE782E23E Documenting sources at SNHU: APA styleL CnLdLL Southern New Hampshire UniversityL Retrieved from http:EEacadwebLsnhuLeduEdocumenting_sourcesEapaLhtmTUseO42aO42citationO42whenO42youO42paraphrase Homepage: APA styleL C4229L American Psychological AssociationL Retrieved from http:EEapastyleLapaLorg PerrinS RL C4229L Pocket guide to APA style C4nd edLL Boston: Houghton MifflinL QuotingS paraphrasingS and summarizingL C4226L Purdue University Online Writing LabL Retrieved from http:EEowlLenglishLpurdueLeduEhandoutsEresearchEr_quotprsumLhtml
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