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APA Citation Basics
6thEdition
This guide will provide information about:
Understanding the fundamentals of APA citations, including: oCapitalization rules oAuthor formatting oOrganizing a reference listAPA citation examples of source types, including:
oPopular and scholarly sources oAudiovisual mediaTips and examples for citing online sources
Creating parenthetical, in-text citations, including: oFormatting parenthetical citations and block quotes oCiting sources with multiple authors and corporate authorsTable of Contents
Chapter 1: Citation Fundamentals
pp. 1-3Chapter 2: Examples of Popular Sources
pp. 4-7Chapter 3:Web Rules & Citations
pp. 8-10Chapter 4:Parenthetical Citations
pp. 11-15APA Citation Fundamentals
APA Citation
Fundamentals
APA Citation Fundamentals
Contributor Information & Titles
Sometimes there are other contributors to a work, such as an editor. If there is an editor but noPUcTa cPT [Pbc TSXcSa{b ]P\T
For works with an author andan editor Zsuch as an article in an edited anthology Zplace the |8]} P]S US[[SfTS QU cPT bSTaRT cXc[T Do not include author credentials (e.g., Ph.D, M.D.) in your citations. The main contributors to the source, normally the authors, are placed first in the citation. All author names are formatted by last name, followed by the first and middle (if available) initial of the author. If there is more than one author, arrange them in the same order as found in the bSTaRT 45Sa \SaT X]USa\PcXS]8 bTT cPT 0?0{b ?TQ[XRPcXS] KP]TP[8 %thEdition, 6.27.)*For sources with 7+ authors: list the first six authors, insert ellipses, then insert the last author listed in the source.
Title of
workTitle of work
Generally, APA citations require some or all of the following bibliographic data:Publisher
City and state of publication
Page or paragraph numbers
Author
TitlePublication year
Publication month and date
APA Citation Fundamentals
Multiple works by different authors with the same last name should be alphabetized by thePTcPSa{b UXabc X]XcXP[)
name.Organizing Your Bibliography
Capitalization Rules
Capitalization in APA style varies based on the source you are citing.Article or chapter titles:
Capitalize the first letter of the first word of the title and any subtitles after a colon, as well as
the first letter of any proper nouns. Journal, newspaper or magazine titles (periodical works): Include the entire title in uppercase and lowercase letters.Italicize the title.
Book or report titles (nonperiodicalworks):
Capitalize the first word in the title and subtitle, and any proper nouns.Italicize the title.
If the work includes an edition or volume number, include it in parentheses after the title.APA Examples of Popular Sources
APA Examples of
Popular Sources
APA Examples of Popular Sources
BookBook title: Subtitle.
The fault in our stars.
APA Ex:Chapter/Anthology
APA Ex: Title of bookThe Norton
anthology of American literatureMagazine
Magazine
Title, Volume,
Monitor on
Psychology, 44,
APA Ex:Newspaper
Newspaper title,
The Pittsburgh
Press,
APA Ex:APA Examples of Popular Sources
Journal (online)
Journal titleVolume
ORJournal of Adolescent
& Adult Literacy, 50 APA Ex: *Database name and retrieval date are not required in APA journal article citations.Journal (print)
Periodical titleVolume
TechTrends, 57
APA Ex:Website
APA Ex:TV series name
House, M.D.
APA Ex:APA Examples of Popular Sources
Audio recording
Album title .
AM APA Ex: FilmTitle of
motion pictureSubmarine
APA Ex: *If the songwriter and performer are the same person, leave out the bracketed data [Recorded by ____] following the song title.Online lecture slides
Name or title of lecture .
metaliteracy, or transliteracy APA Ex:Thesis/dissertation
Title of dissertation/thesis
oror Media epidemics: Viral structures in literature and new media APA Ex:APA Web Rules
APA Web Rules
APA Web Rules
APA provides citation formats for many different source types found on the web, such as online newspapers, encyclopedias and blogs. Here are some tips for citing sources you find on the web:All sources
L][U X]R[TST aTcaXTeP[ SPcT X]USa\PcXS] XU cPT bSTaRT{b X]USa\PcXS] Xb [XRT[U cS RPP]VT 4XT8 fXRXbD oFormat it as follows: Retrieved Month Date, Year, from http://xxxxx If a URL runs across multiple lines of text in the citation, break the URL off before punctuation (e.g., periods, forward slashes) Zexcepthttp://.Journal/newspaper articles
Include the DOI (digital object identifier) in the citation. oFormat it as follows: doi:xxxxx If no DOI is provided, include the URL of the homepagefor the journal that published the article. oFormat it as follows: Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxDo not include database information.
*Note: Purdue OWL includes database information, but the APA Publication Manual (6thed.) does not. Check with your instructor to see if they require database and/or retrieval information.General websites
If the source is not easily identified as an online: rRXcT Xc Pb P VT]TaP[ fTQbXcT For example, websites like TechCrunch and Gizmodoregularly publish articles, but are considered neither a blog, nor an online newspaper. These would be general websites. Only include retrieval date information if the source is likely to change over time (i.e., wikis). oFormat it as follows: Retrieved Month Date, Year, from http://xxxxx oPeriodical oBook/chapter oReference work oGovernment document oConference paper/proceeding oThesis/dissertation oReview oAudiovisual media oInternet message board/mailing list post oBlog post oSoftware, data set, training video or oInformally published workAPA Web Rules
Examples of citations for a/an:
General website article with an author
General website article with no author
Journal article (found in a database or elsewhere online)Journal of Adolescent & Adult
Literacy, 50
Online encyclopedia article
EncylopaediaBrittanica
Blog post
Online newspaper article
Los Angeles Times
*Include the homepage URL of the online newspaper at the end of your citation.*Include the retrieval date and URL if the information on the site may change (this website includes information
about laws, which can change over time).APA Examples of Popular Sources
APA Parenthetical
Citations
APA Parenthetical Citations
Parenthetical citation when author is mentioned in the text:Why we include parenthetical/in-text citations
Researchers include brief parenthetical citations in their writing to acknowledge references to other
publication. Page numbers are also included when citing a direct quote .If some of this information is included in the body of the sentence, exclude it from the parenthetical
citation. In-text citations typically appear at the end of the sentence, between the last word and the period.
?PaT]cPTcXRP[ RXcPcXS] fXcPSTc PTcPSaµb ]P\T X] cPT cTgc)Works with three to five authors:
Include all names in the first in-text parenthetical citation, separated by commas and then an ampersand (&). and publication year if it is the first citation in a paragraph.First in-text parenthetical citation:
All subsequent in-text parenthetical citations:
2S]cX]TTSr
Parenthetical citations with multiple authors
Works with two authors:
Include both names, separated by an ampersand (&).APA Parenthetical Citations
Works with six or more authors:
parenthetical citations.Citing sources without an author
If a work has no author, include the first few words of the bibliography entry (in many cases, the title) and the year. Use double quotations around the titles of articles, chapters and/or websites Italicize the titles of periodicals, books, brochures or reportsInformation Illiteracy in Academia
See Table 6.1 in the APA Publication Manual (6thed.) for more information on formatting parenthetical
citations. When citing a specific part of a work, provide the relevant page number or section identifier, such as chapters, tables or equations. Direct quotes should always have page numbers.2S]cX]TTSr
Citing part of a work
*Note: Unlike in your reference list, parenthetical citations of articles, chapters and/or website should
have all major words capitalized.APA Parenthetical Citations
Corporations, government agencies and associations can be considered the author of a source when no specific author is given. Write out the full name of the group in all parenthetical citations: recognized abbreviation in all subsequent parenthetical citations:Citing groups or corporate authors
Citing classical works
For classical sources, such as ancient Greek works, cite the year of the translation or version used.
2S]cX]TTSr
If the source does not include page numbers (such as online sources), you can reference specific parts of the
work by referencing the: Section or heading and the number of the paragraph in which the information is found oFor lengthy headings, use the first few words of the title in the parenthetical citationAPA Parenthetical Citations
When citing specific content from these sources, include the paragraph/line numbers that are usedin classical works. This information is consistent across versions/editions, and is the easiest way to
locate direct quotes from classical works. Remember, you do not need to create formal citations in your reference list for classical works.