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International Labour Office (ILO)

4, Route des Morillons

CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland

tel. +42 (1) 22 79 9 6730

CARE WORK AND CARE JOBS

FOR THE FUTURE OF DECENT WORK

ILO CARE WORK AND CARE JOBS FOR THE FUTURE OF DECENT WORK CARE WORK AND CARE JOBS FOR THE FUTURE OF DECENT WORK This report takes a comprehensive look at unpaid and paid care work and its relation ship with the changing world of work. It analyses the ways in which unpa id care work is recognized and organized, the extent and quality of care jobs and their impact on the well-being of individuals and society. A key focus of this report is the persistent gender inequalities in households and the labour market, which are inextricably linked with care work. These gender inequalities must be overcome to make care work decen t and to ensure a future of decent work for both women and men. The report details a set of transformative policy measures in fi ve main areas: care, macro- economics, labour, social protection and migration. The aim of these policies is to promote the recognition of the value of unpaid care work, the reduction of the drudgery of certain of its forms and the redistribution of care responsibilities between women and men, and between households and the State. These policies also need to generate more and better quality care jobs, and support the representation of unp aid carers, care workers and care recipients in social dialogue. The report af fi rms that the availability of good-quality and affordable publicly provided care services, policies an d infrastructure is of vital importance. To support these policy recommendations, the report presents a wealth of original data drawn from over 90 countries around the world. These data cover a range of issues, including: how changes in the size and structure of households - due to demograp hic, migra- tion and labour market transformations - are altering the care needs landscape the magnitude and value of unpaid care work, its unequal distribution be tween women and men, and its impact on gender inequalities in employment the role of care policies in achieving positive well-being and employmen t outcomes for care recipients and care providers, and a review of care policy cove rage across the world the magnitude and employment distribution of the care workforce and work ing conditions of care workers in the health and social work and education s ectors and in domestic work the potential for decent care job creation offered by remedying current care deficits and meeting the related targets of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.
The report concludes with policy guidance aimed at ILO constituents base d on the data analysed and an extensive review of country experiences. direct, personal and relational care activities indirect care activities unpaid carers

Paid care work

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Care work and care jobs

for the future of decent work

CARE WORK IN A CHANGING WORLD

Figure 1. Working-age population b y household type (percentages) and income group, latest year

Note: See Chapter 1, gure 1.2 (90 countries).

Source: ILO calculations based on labour force and household survey microdata.

WorldAfricaAmericas

Arab StatesAsia and the PacicEurope and Central Asia High-income countriesLow-income countriesMiddle-income countries

WorldAfricaAmericas

Arab StatesAsia and the PacicEurope and Central Asia

High-income countriesLow-income countries

Middle-income countries

WorldAfricaAmericas

Arab StatesAsia and the PacicEurope and Central Asia High-income countriesLow-income countriesMiddle-income countries

WorldAfricaAmericas

Arab StatesAsia and the PacicEurope and Central Asia High-income countriesLow-income countriesMiddle-income countries

WorldAfricaAmericas

Arab StatesAsia and the PacicEurope and Central Asia High-income countriesLow-income countriesMiddle-income countries

UNPAID CARE WORK AND GENDER INEQUALITIES AT WORK

Women perform 76.2 per cent of the total amount of unpaid care work, 3.2 times more time than men

Figure 2. Time spent daily in unpaid car e work, paid work and total work, by sex, region and income group, latest year

Note: See Chapter 2, gure 2.8 (64 countries).

Source: ILO calculations based on Charmes, forthcoming (see full report). 480
0

360420

240
300
180
120
60
World

Women Men

183
265
322
83
154
263
271
78
175
268
268
155
36
329
222
70
201
262
353
64
126
272
227
132
193
262
290
89
192
267
346
66
154
257
249
135

Africa

Women Men

Americas

Women Men

Arab States

Women Men

Asia and

the Pacic

Women Men

Europe and

Central Asia

Women Men

Low- income countries

Women Men

Middle-

income countriesHigh- income countries

Women Men Women Men

Unpaid care workPaid work

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fifi fifi fi fi fififi fifi fifi Mothers of children aged 0-5 years suffer an employment penalty compar ed with fathers

Figure 3. Percentage of inactive persons, by sex and main reason for being outside the labour force, latest year

Note: See Chapter 2, gure 2.23(84 countries).

Source: ILO calculations based on labour force and household survey microdata. World

WomenMen

Africa

WomenMen

Americas

WomenMen

Arab States

WomenMen

Asia and the Pacic

WomenMen

Europe and Central Asia

WomenMen

Other sources of incomeUnpaid care work

Personal (in education, sick or disabled)Reasons related to the labour market

OtherEurope and Central Asia

High-income countriesLow-income countries

WomenMen

Middle-income countries

35.3
26.8

12.419.7

5.8 5.5 47.0
28.4

13.55.7

WomenMen

46.7
20.2
11.3

12.09.9

6.3 46.0

17.717.0

13.0

High-income countries

WomenMen

19.6 25.4

29.811.6

13.7 3.4 32.9

36.415.0

12.4 12.2 9.8

Other sources of incomeUnpaid care work

Personal (in education, sick or disabled)Reasons related to the labour market

OtherEurope and Central Asia

High-income countriesLow-income countries

WomenMen

Middle-income countries

35.3
26.8

12.419.7

5.8 5.5 47.0
28.4

13.55.7

WomenMen

46.7
20.2
11.3

12.09.9

6.3 46.0

17.717.0

13.0

High-income countries

WomenMen

19.6 25.4

29.811.6

13.7 3.4 32.9

36.415.0

12.4 12.2 9.8

Other sources of incomeUnpaid care work

Personal (in education, sick or disabled)Reasons related to the labour market

OtherEurope and Central Asia

High-income countriesLow-income countries

WomenMen

Middle-income countries

35.3
26.8

12.419.7

5.8 5.5 47.0
28.4

13.55.7

WomenMen

46.7
20.2
11.3

12.09.9

6.3 46.0

17.717.0

13.0

High-income countries

WomenMen

19.6 25.4

29.811.6

13.7 3.4 32.9

36.415.0

12.4

12.29.8

Other sources of income

Unpaid ca

re work

Personal (in education, sick or disabled)

Reasons related to the labour market

Other

Europe and Central Asia

High-income countriesLow-income countries

WomenMen

Middle-income countries

35.3
26.8

12.419.7

5.8 5.5 47.0
28.4

13.55.7

WomenMen

46.7
20.2
11.3

12.09.9

6.3 46.0

17.717.0

13.0

High-income countries

WomenMen

19.6 25.4

29.811.6

13.7 3.4 32.9

36.415.0

12.4 12.2 9.8

Figure 4. Employment-to-population ratios of mothers and fathers of children aged 0 to 5 and of non-mothers

and non-fathers of children aged 0 to 5, latest year

Note: See Chapter 2, gure 2.25. High-income countries age group is 25-54 years, middle- and low-income countries 18-54 years(89 countries).

Source: ILO calculations based on labour force and household survey microdata. 90
50
60
70
80
0 40
30
20 10

WorldAfricaAmericas Arab StatesAsia

and the PacicEurope and

Central AsiaLow-income

countriesMiddle-income countriesHigh-income countries

1+ children

No children

1+ children

No children

1+ children

No children

1+ children

No children

1+ children

No children

1+ children

No children

1+ children

No children

1+ children

No children

1+ children

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