labour The conditions of unpaid care work impact how unpaid carers enter and remain in paid work, and infiuence the working conditions of all care workers
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International Labour Office (ILO)
4, Route des Morillons
CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland
tel. +42 (1) 22 79 9 6730CARE WORK AND CARE JOBS
FOR THE FUTURE OF DECENT WORK
ILO CARE WORK AND CARE JOBS FOR THE FUTURE OF DECENT WORK CARE WORK AND CARE JOBS FOR THE FUTURE OF DECENT WORK This report takes a comprehensive look at unpaid and paid care work and its relation ship with the changing world of work. It analyses the ways in which unpa id care work is recognized and organized, the extent and quality of care jobs and their impact on the well-being of individuals and society. A key focus of this report is the persistent gender inequalities in households and the labour market, which are inextricably linked with care work. These gender inequalities must be overcome to make care work decen t and to ensure a future of decent work for both women and men. The report details a set of transformative policy measures in fi ve main areas: care, macro- economics, labour, social protection and migration. The aim of these policies is to promote the recognition of the value of unpaid care work, the reduction of the drudgery of certain of its forms and the redistribution of care responsibilities between women and men, and between households and the State. These policies also need to generate more and better quality care jobs, and support the representation of unp aid carers, care workers and care recipients in social dialogue. The report af fi rms that the availability of good-quality and affordable publicly provided care services, policies an d infrastructure is of vital importance. To support these policy recommendations, the report presents a wealth of original data drawn from over 90 countries around the world. These data cover a range of issues, including: how changes in the size and structure of households - due to demograp hic, migra- tion and labour market transformations - are altering the care needs landscape the magnitude and value of unpaid care work, its unequal distribution be tween women and men, and its impact on gender inequalities in employment the role of care policies in achieving positive well-being and employmen t outcomes for care recipients and care providers, and a review of care policy cove rage across the world the magnitude and employment distribution of the care workforce and work ing conditions of care workers in the health and social work and education s ectors and in domestic work the potential for decent care job creation offered by remedying current care deficits and meeting the related targets of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.The report concludes with policy guidance aimed at ILO constituents base d on the data analysed and an extensive review of country experiences. direct, personal and relational care activities indirect care activities unpaid carers
Paid care work
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Care work and care jobs
for the future of decent workCARE WORK IN A CHANGING WORLD
Figure 1. Working-age population b y household type (percentages) and income group, latest yearNote: See Chapter 1, gure 1.2 (90 countries).
Source: ILO calculations based on labour force and household survey microdata.WorldAfricaAmericas
Arab StatesAsia and the PacicEurope and Central Asia High-income countriesLow-income countriesMiddle-income countriesWorldAfricaAmericas
Arab StatesAsia and the PacicEurope and Central AsiaHigh-income countriesLow-income countries
Middle-income countries
WorldAfricaAmericas
Arab StatesAsia and the PacicEurope and Central Asia High-income countriesLow-income countriesMiddle-income countriesWorldAfricaAmericas
Arab StatesAsia and the PacicEurope and Central Asia High-income countriesLow-income countriesMiddle-income countriesWorldAfricaAmericas
Arab StatesAsia and the PacicEurope and Central Asia High-income countriesLow-income countriesMiddle-income countriesUNPAID CARE WORK AND GENDER INEQUALITIES AT WORK
Women perform 76.2 per cent of the total amount of unpaid care work, 3.2 times more time than menFigure 2. Time spent daily in unpaid car e work, paid work and total work, by sex, region and income group, latest year
Note: See Chapter 2, gure 2.8 (64 countries).
Source: ILO calculations based on Charmes, forthcoming (see full report). 4800
360420
240300
180
120
60
World
Women Men
183265
322
83
154
263
271
78
175
268
268
155
36
329
222
70
201
262
353
64
126
272
227
132
193
262
290
89
192
267
346
66
154
257
249
135
Africa
Women Men
Americas
Women Men
Arab States
Women Men
Asia and
the PacicWomen Men
Europe and
Central Asia
Women Men
Low- income countriesWomen Men
Middle-
income countriesHigh- income countriesWomen Men Women Men
Unpaid care workPaid work
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fifi fifi fi fi fififi fifi fifi Mothers of children aged 0-5 years suffer an employment penalty compar ed with fathersFigure 3. Percentage of inactive persons, by sex and main reason for being outside the labour force, latest year
Note: See Chapter 2, gure 2.23(84 countries).
Source: ILO calculations based on labour force and household survey microdata. WorldWomenMen
Africa
WomenMen
Americas
WomenMen
Arab States
WomenMen
Asia and the Pacic
WomenMen
Europe and Central Asia
WomenMen
Other sources of incomeUnpaid care work
Personal (in education, sick or disabled)Reasons related to the labour marketOtherEurope and Central Asia
High-income countriesLow-income countries
WomenMen
Middle-income countries
35.326.8
12.419.7
5.8 5.5 47.028.4
13.55.7
WomenMen
46.720.2
11.3
12.09.9
6.3 46.017.717.0
13.0High-income countries
WomenMen
19.6 25.429.811.6
13.7 3.4 32.936.415.0
12.4 12.2 9.8Other sources of incomeUnpaid care work
Personal (in education, sick or disabled)Reasons related to the labour marketOtherEurope and Central Asia
High-income countriesLow-income countries
WomenMen
Middle-income countries
35.326.8
12.419.7
5.8 5.5 47.028.4
13.55.7
WomenMen
46.720.2
11.3
12.09.9
6.3 46.017.717.0
13.0High-income countries
WomenMen
19.6 25.429.811.6
13.7 3.4 32.936.415.0
12.4 12.2 9.8Other sources of incomeUnpaid care work
Personal (in education, sick or disabled)Reasons related to the labour marketOtherEurope and Central Asia
High-income countriesLow-income countries
WomenMen
Middle-income countries
35.326.8
12.419.7
5.8 5.5 47.028.4
13.55.7
WomenMen
46.720.2
11.3
12.09.9
6.3 46.017.717.0
13.0High-income countries
WomenMen
19.6 25.429.811.6
13.7 3.4 32.936.415.0
12.412.29.8
Other sources of income
Unpaid ca
re workPersonal (in education, sick or disabled)
Reasons related to the labour market
OtherEurope and Central Asia
High-income countriesLow-income countries
WomenMen
Middle-income countries
35.326.8
12.419.7
5.8 5.5 47.028.4
13.55.7
WomenMen
46.720.2
11.3
12.09.9
6.3 46.017.717.0
13.0High-income countries
WomenMen
19.6 25.429.811.6
13.7 3.4 32.936.415.0
12.4 12.2 9.8Figure 4. Employment-to-population ratios of mothers and fathers of children aged 0 to 5 and of non-mothers
and non-fathers of children aged 0 to 5, latest yearNote: See Chapter 2, gure 2.25. High-income countries age group is 25-54 years, middle- and low-income countries 18-54 years(89 countries).
Source: ILO calculations based on labour force and household survey microdata. 9050
60
70
80
0 40
30
20 10