Apple Computer, Inc , registered in the United States and other MANUAL, even if advised of the possibility Inside Macintosh, in Human Interface Guidelines: The Apple Desktop Interface, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987
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Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
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Macintosh Human
Interface Guidelines
ðApple Computer, Inc.
© 1992, Apple Computer, Inc.
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, mechanical, electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of
Apple Computer, Inc. Printed in the
United States of America.
No licenses, express or implied, are
granted with respect to any of the technology described in this book.
Apple retains all intellectual property
rights associated with the technology described in this book. This book is intended to assist application developers to develop applications only for Apple Macintosh computers.
Apple Computer, Inc.
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Simultaneously published in the United
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ISBN 0-201-62216-5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-BA-9695949392
First Printing, November 1992
iii
Contents
Figures and Tablesxiii
PrefaceAbout This Bookxxi
Who Should Read This Bookxxi
What's New in Macintosh Human Interface From Applexxii
About Making It Macintoshxxii
What's in This Bookxxii
The Basic Philosophyxxii
The Interface Elementsxxiii
Appendixesxxiii
Visual Cues Used in This Bookxxiii
Part 1Fundamentals1
Chapter 1Human Interface Principles3
The Human Interface Design Principles4
Metaphors4
Direct Manipulation5
See-and-Point7
Consistency7
WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get)8
User Control9
Feedback and Dialog9
Forgiveness10
Perceived Stability11
Aesthetic Integrity11
Modelessness12
Additional Issues to Consider13
Knowledge of Your Audience13
Accessibility14
Chapter 2General Design Considerations15
Worldwide Compatibility16
Cultural Values17
Resources17
iv
Language Differences18
Text Display and Text Editing19
Default Alignment of Interface Elements20
Keyboards22
Fonts23
Universal Access24
People With a Physical Disability25
People With a Visual Disability25
People With a Hearing Disability26
People With a Speech or Language Disability27
People With a Seizure Disorder27
Collaborative Computing27
Concern for Other Users28
User Identification28
Access Privileges28
Passwords29
Data Encryption for Security30
Clear Communications30
Displaying the Current State of Data30
Communicating With Other Environments31
Network Transparency31
Human Interface Design and the
Chapter 3Development Process33
Design Decisions34
Features Inspired by Market Pressures34
Feature Cascade35
The 80 Percent Solution35
Managing Complexity35
Using Progressive Disclosure35
Implementing Preferences37
Extending the Interface38
When to Go Beyond the Guidelines38
Build on the Existing Interface39
Don't Assign New Behaviors to Existing Objects39
Create a New Interface Element Cautiously40
Involving Users in the Design Process41
Define Your Audience41
Analyze Tasks41
Build Prototypes42
Observe Users42
Ten Steps for Conducting a User Observation43
v
Part 2The Interface Elements47
Chapter 4Menus49
The Menu Bar52
Menu Behavior55
Menu Elements58
Menu Item Names58
Grouping Items in Menus60
Menu Dividers62
Standard Characters and Text Style in Menus64
Checkmarks and Dashes in Menus64
The Ellipsis Character in Menus67
A Diamond Mark in the Application Menu71
Avoid Nonstandard Marks in Menus72
Text Styles in Menus73
Toggled Menu Items75
Scrolling Menus78
Hierarchical Menus79
Pop-Up Menus82
Standard Pop-Up Menus87
Type-In Pop-Up Menus91
Tear-Off Menus and Palettes92
Tear-Off Menus93
Palettes96
Standard Macintosh Menus98
The Apple Menu98
About98
File Menu99
New99
Open101
Close102
Save104
Save As106
Revert107
Page SetupÉ108
PrintÉ108
Quit109
The Edit Menu109
The Clipboard111
Undo/Redo113
Cut114
Copy115
Paste115
Clear117
vi
Select All117
Show Clipboard/Hide Clipboard117
Create PublisherÉ117
Subscribe ToÉ118
Publisher/Subscriber OptionsÉ118
The Font Menu120
The Size Menu122
The Style Menu124
The Help Menu125
The Keyboard Menu125
The Application Menu127
Keyboard Equivalents128
Chapter 5Windows131
Window Appearance134
Document Window Controls134
Use of Color in Windows135
Utility Windows137
Window Behaviors139
The Active Window139
Opening Windows141
Window Display Order143
Window Positions146
The Default Position on a Single Screen147
The Default Position on Multiple Screens148
Dialog Box and Alert Box Positions150
Closing a Window152
Moving a Window154
Changing the Size of a Window156
Scrolling a Window158
Scroll Bars158
Scrolling With the Scroll Arrows163
Scrolling With the Gray Area164
Scrolling by Dragging the Scroll Box164
Automatic Scrolling166
The Zoom Box and Window Behavior168
Splitting a Window170
Window Pane Behavior172
One Split per Orientation173
vii
Chapter 6Dialog Boxes175
Modeless Dialog Boxes178
Modeless Dialog Box Appearance179
Modeless Dialog Box Behaviors181
Menu Bar Access181
Accepting Changes in a Modeless Dialog Box182
Completing Commands184
Movable Modal Dialog Boxes185
Movable Modal Dialog Box Appearance186
Movable Modal Dialog Box Behaviors187
Menu Bar Access187
Modal Dialog Boxes188
Modal Dialog Box Appearance190
Modal Dialog Box Behaviors191
Menu Bar Access191
Stacking Modal Dialog Boxes192
Alert Boxes193
Alert Box Appearance194
Note Alert Boxes194
Caution Alert Boxes195
Stop Alert Boxes196
Basic Dialog Box Layout196
Keyboard Navigation in Dialog Boxes198
Dialog Box Messages199
Standard File Dialog Boxes200
Save Changes Alert Box201
Chapter 7Controls203
Standard Toolbox Controls204
Buttons204
Button Behavior205
Button Names206
Radio Buttons210
Checkboxes211
Controls Not Supported by the Macintosh Toolbox214
Sliders214
Little Arrows216
Outline Triangles218
Other Elements for User Interaction218
Text Entry Fields219
Scrolling Lists220
viii
Chapter 8Icons223
Why Icons Work224
Limitations of Icons227
Designing Effective Icons229
Use Appropriate Metaphors229
Think About Worldwide Compatibility230
Avoid Text in Icons230
Design for the Macintosh Display231
Use a Consistent Light Source232
Optimize for Your Target Display232
Maintain a Consistent Visual Appearance in an
Icon Family233
Use Icon Elements Consistently233
The Finder Icon Family234
An Icon Design Process236
Black-and-White Icons238
Color Icons238
Icon Colors240
The Apple Icon Color Set240
Degradation of the Color Set Across Monitors241
Selection Mechanism for Color Icons241
Color Labeling Mechanism for Color Icons242
Anti-Aliasing243
Small Icons244
Default and Custom Icons245
Application Icons246
Document Icons247
Stationery Pad Icons248
Query Document Icons249
Edition Icons250
Preferences Icons250
Extension Icons250
Control Panel Icons251
Movable Resource Icons252
Keyboard Icons252
Chapter 9Color257
Color Design of Standard Interface Elements258
Windows and Dialog Boxes258
Menus260
Pointers260
Highlighting and Selection260
ix
Color Application Guidelines261
Match Complexity to the Level of User261
Design for the Macintosh262
Design for Black and White First263
Limit the Number of Colors264
Colors on Gray265
Beware of Blue265
Small Objects265
Color for Categorizing Information265
Chapter 10Behaviors267
The Pointing Device268
Mouse Actions271
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