[PDF] [PDF] Understanding the Apple IIe

[PDF] The New Apple II Users Guide Ebook - DigitalOcean

for sending me their extra Apple II hardware and manuals, which have really line of assemblers and compilers sold by The Byte Works Most of the GNO 

[PDF] Assembly Cookbook for the Apple II/IIe - APPLE2ORGZA - Mirrors

for this is that the compiler must take each BASIC statement at face value, when One really big advantage to machine language on the Apple II or lie is that it 

[PDF] ZBasic Manual - APPLE2ORGZA - Mirrors

Apple(r) IIe, IIc, Laser 128(tm) and //GS: DOS 3 3 C Apple(r) II+, //e, //c Laser Since the ZBasic Compiler is very similar to the BASIC interpreters found on most

[PDF] Understanding the Apple IIe

definithle source of information about the Apple II and Apple II Plus Beneath Apple DOS The compiler source code must be compiled into machine language 

[PDF] Apple IIgs Technical Introduction - AppleLogic

Object files and load files 101 Programming languages 101 Assembler 101 C compiler 102 Other compilers 103 Apple IIGS Programmer's Workshop 103

[PDF] Inside the Apple IIe - Fabien Sanglard

model in its highly popular Apple II family of computers and was first announced in January soft compilers have been written for the 1/e, none have been offi-

[PDF] pas12pdf - Apple II

Apple II Apple Pascal 1 2 Update Manual apple computer 20525 Mariani Avenue Appendix C presents an updated list of all Compiler error messages, as

[PDF] Microsoft (Apple, CP-M, MS-DOS, TRS-80) - Apple Asimov

RAMCard Memory Board for Apple II Together, the Microsoft BASIC Compiler and Interpreter Microsoft BASIC Compiler to increase program execution

[PDF] HOW TO PROGRAM THE APPLE II USING 6502 ASSEMBLY

language such as that of a compiler program ADDRESS: Two bytes used to point to one of the 64K available memory locations in the APPLE II computer

[PDF] apple imac setup instructions

[PDF] apple inc address and phone number

[PDF] apple inc address apple park

[PDF] apple inc address austin tx

[PDF] apple inc address california

[PDF] apple inc address headquarters

[PDF] apple inc address us

[PDF] apple inc address usa

[PDF] apple inc annual report 10k

[PDF] apple inc annual report 2013

[PDF] apple inc annual report 2014

[PDF] apple inc annual report 2016

[PDF] apple inc annual report 2016 pdf

[PDF] apple inc annual report 2018

[PDF] apple inc annual report 2018 pdf

UnderstandingtheAppleHe

QUTiLrrysoftwtirg

ComputerBookDivision

byJimSather

ForewordbySteveWozniak

UnderstandingtheApplelie

byJamesFieldingSather

AppleBooksfromQualitySoftware

$2295

UnderstandingtheAppleIIbyJimSather

AppleUtilitySoftwarefromQualitySoftware

ProductionEditor:KathrynM.Schmidt

EditorialAssistant:TomWeinstein

ArtDirectorandCoverDesign:VicGrenrock

CoverArt:GeorgeGarcia

SchematicArtandCompositor:RonWidman

Photography:GainsforthStudios

PrintedBy;GriffinPrinting

ISBN0-a351-fl0n-7

87868554321

PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica

foreword controlleroperation - myfavoritesubject - isexplainedingreatdetail.Numerousprogram- describes. preface makes.Ourboyiswellknownnow,andheandhis intheirowncreativeways. theirchosenpaths. hardwareworksandhowprogrammersmakethe ingwhattheAppleHecando,knowinghowtomake makingtheAppleHedo.Bywayofassistingthe are: theAppleHe.

2.Toprovideexamplesthatshowhowknowledge

oftheoperationalfeaturesoftheAppleHecan beapplied. cerningAppleHehardwareandoperational features.

4.ToserveasatextbookforApple-basedhigh

fundamentals. bydescribingpreviouslyundocumentedopera- tionalfeatures.

Asatextbookforstudentsoralearningguideto

recommended. backgroundknowledge.Inorderofdescending importance,helpfulbackgroundknowledgein- guage,hexadecimalandbinarynumbersystems, aidssuchastimingdiagrams,truthtables,and ingoftheAppleHecomputer.Itishopedthatthe thisbookwithnopreviousknowledgeofthese subjects.

EventhoughUnderstandingtheApplelieisnota

andareherebyplacedinthepublicdomain.The

Anumberofhardwareapplicationnotesarealso

integrateitintotheirowndesigns.Theauthor ablebymailasnotedinChapter4. readtheNOTEOFCAUTIONfollowingtheTable yourequipment.Itisrecommendedthatreaders modifytheirhardwareshouldbeable,orknow fiedassemblyifitshouldfail. boththeAppleIIandAppleHearefoundinboth •QualitySoftware,1983.

IIandliearecontainedinAppendixI.

taintotheAppleHeasitissoldintheUSAwith inEurope. circuitfunctions.

UnderstandingtheAppleHeistheresultofan

errorexistsonthepartoftheauthor.Forthose

TheAppleHeisnotaperfectcomputer,Apple

Computer,Inc.isnotaperfectcompany,andIam

manufacturesit.Thereadermustrelyonhisown oftheAppleHe,Ibelieveitisthebestpersonal computerthatmoneycanbuy.

Contents

Chapter1-TheApplelie-AnOverview

1-2APPLEHeOVERVIEW1-1

TheMicroprocessorandBusStructure

Memory1-3

PeripheralSlots1-3

TheAuxiliarySlot1-4

TheMMU.IOU,andTiming-HALl-a

VideoOutput1-7

TheKeyboard1-9

OtherI/OMO

ThePowerSupplyMl

SUMMARY1-11

Chapter2-TheBusStructureoftheApplelie

COMPUTERBUSESANDTHREESTATELOGIC2-1

THEPIGEONHOLECOMPUTER2-5

ADDRESSDECODING2-10

1/0(INPUT/OUTPUT)2-14

THECOMPLETEDBUSSTRUCTURE2-19

Chapter3-TimingGenerationandthe

VideoScanner

TIMINGOVERVIEW3-2

THETIMINGSIGNALS3-2

APPLEFREQUENCIES3-4

THETIMINGDIAGRAM3-5

TIMINGSIGNALDISTRIBUTION3-7

DETAILEDDESCRIPTIONOFTIMINGSIGNALS3-8

TELEVISIONSCANNING3-12

THEVIDEOSCANNER3-13

THELONGCYCLE3-19

TIMINGGENERATORHARDWARE3-19

APPLICATIONNOTES

SwitchingScreenModesinTimedLoops3-23

AppleTimingLoops3-28

AnApplesoftEmulatorfortheTimingHALA-^y

Chapter4 - The6502Microprocessor

6502SIGNALS4-2

6502CONNECTIONSINTHEAPPLEHe4-4

6502MEMORYUSAGE4-5

6502TIMINGINTHEAPPLEHe4-5

APPLEPROGRAMMING4-9

DMAINTHEAPPLE4-11

6502INTERRUPTSINTHEAPPLEHe4-14

RESET'4-14

NMI'andlRQ'4-15

TheBREAKInstruction4-17

TheEnhancedFirmwareIRQ'/BREAKHandler4-18

PriorityAmongInterrupts4-20

THE65C02MICROPROCESSOR4-21

APPLICATIONNOTES

G502/65C02InstructionDetails4-23

DMAnualController4-29

Chapter5 - RAMandMemoryMonagemon

THE64KDYNAMICRAMCHIP5-1

BAMCONNECTIONSINTHEAPPLEHe5-3

RAMADDRESSMULTIPLEXING5-5

TEXT/LORESScanning5-10

HIRESScanning5-11

MixedModeScanning5-13

REFRESHINGRAMINTHEAPPLEHe5-19

ConfiguringHighMemory($D000-$FFFF)5-20

ConfiguringtheI/ORange($C0OO-$CFFF)5-28

KBD'andMDIN/OUT5-28

RAMTIMINGINTHEAPPLEHe5-32

THEIKAUXILIARYRAMCARD5-38

APPLICATIONNOTES

ReadingVideoDatafromaProgram5-40

Chapter6-ROMintheApplelie

BOMHARDWARE6-1

ROMENl'ANDR0MEN2'6-2

PERIPHERALSLOTROM6-4

ROMTIMING6-4FIRMWAREINTHEAPPLE6-6

TheSystemMonitor6-6

TheAppleIIPlus6-7

TheImpactoftheRAMCard6-8

TheAppleHe6-8

TheAppleIleFirmwareUpgrade6-8

APPLICATIONNOTES

ModifyingtheSystemMonitor6-10

Modifyinga12KFirmwareCardintoa24K.UU&

HOSS6-12

Chapter7-lnpu1/OutputintheApplelie

PERIPHERALADDRESSDECODINGCIRCUITRY

lOUSOFTSWITCHES7-3

SERIALI/OHARDWARE7-5

APPLElieKEYBOARDCIRCUITRY7-9

PERIPHERALSLOTCONNECTIONS7-16

THEAPPLEI/OSYSTEM:KSWANDCSW7-21

AppleMonitorI/O7-21

LinkingI/OtoOtherDevices7-22

PeripheralCardsandPrimaryI/ODevices

I/OTIMINGr-23THEAUXILIARYSLOT7-26

APPLICATIONNOTES

ProgrammingtheGamePaddles7-29

ExtendingtheGame1/0Socket7-33

GainingaccesstotheAlternateKeyboardSet

7-1 7-23 7-37

Contents

Chapter8-VicleoGeneration

8-3THEAPPLEHeVIDEOOUTPUTSIGNAL

S?lmYMAp'MEM"0RYREPRESENTATIONS8-8

vIeOGENERATORHARDWARE8-9

VWpoGenerationinExportApples8-16

BASIC8-44

'SsoS™nProcess,n.ofApp,eVidec8-47 :hapter9-TheDiskController

DISKIIOVERVIEW9-1

THEDISKnDRIVE9-5

THEDISKIICONTROLLER9-9

TheBootstrapROM9-9

TheCommandDecoder9-12

DriveOfl/OnandDriveSelect9-1^

HeadPositioningCommands9-13

READ/WRITE9-13

TheWRITESequence9-21

DIFFERENCESBETWEENRWTSANDDIIDD9-4^

APPLICATIONNOTE

.nicKTinHvP9-46

Chapter10-MalntenanceandCoreofthe

Applelie

APPLEHARDWARERELIABILITY10-1

IMPROVINGYOURAPPLE'SRELIABILITY10-3

RFPAIROFTHEAPPLEHe10-4

WHENYOURAPPLEBREAKS10-6

TheFirmwareDiagnostics10-6

ThePeripheralCardCheek10-8

PowerSupplyProblems10-8

peripheralFailures10-9

OtherSymptoms10-10

Glossary

AppendixA-References

AppendixB-Trademorks

AppendixC-6502/65C02Data

AppendixD-RASICProgramListings

AppendixE-ALogicCircuitsPrimer

AppendixF-ANumberSystemsPrimer

AppendixG-RevisionalInformation

AppendixH-HistoricalNotes

AppendixI-Appleil/lleDifferenceNotes

Index

Dedication

Onbehalfofmybrothersandsisters,

Lee,Jenny,Tim,Mary,Mike,andJoe,

tomyfather,

FredrickIngwaldSather,

withloveandrespect.

Acknowledgements

NoteofCaution

chapter1

TheAppleIle -

AnOverview

notmeanttobeadescriptionofeverythingpro- gramscanmaketheAppleliedo.Rather,itisa hasa16KexpansionRAMcardinSlotandan

80-columntextcardinSlot3,TheAppleHealso

patibilitywiththeAppleIIisitspredominant feature.

Apple'smotivationinrefiningtheApple11was

acomputerthatisbetterthantheAppleIIbut trueoftheAppleII.

APPLEMeOVERVIEW

thespeaker,andthemotherboard.Thespeaker, powersupplyandkeyboardareallutilityunits boardwhichcontainsalltheuniquenessofthe

Applelie.ThemotherboardistheApplelie,and

1-2UnderstandingtheAppleHe

themicroprocessor.

TheMicroprocessorandBusStructure

ThebrainsoftheApplelieisa6502micropro-

computerisacomputerwhichusesanMPUasits fundamentallogicprocessor. the6502operatesatabout1MHz.This,Inciden-

Thereare4MHz6502MPUsavailablenow,and

theexecutionspeed.

ThestructureoftheAppleHeisthatofmultiple

deviceswhichcancommunicatewiththeMPU. lieviatheaddressbus,anddataistransferred databus.Associatedanddistributedwiththe it.

The6502has16addressoutputs,eachconnected

bus.**Itcontrolsthe16addressHnesandthe andthe6502canaccessanyoneofthe$10000 (65536)addressedlocationsinthatrange. eightlineswhenwritingandmonitorstheeight oftheeightlinesisthe6502dataword.Likethe lineishighorlowatagiveninstantisabitof

Appleliebussystem.

MostlocationswhichtheMPUaddressesare

memorylocations.Memorycontainsthestored programwhichtheMPUisexecutingandabout ingtheprogrambytheMPUsimplyinvolves gram.Whennotfetchingtheprogram,theMPUis

NotalllocationsaddressedbytheMPUare

frommemorymaycausetheMPUtoaddressnon- byplacingdataonthedatabus.Thespeaker respondstoareadorawriteatitsaddresswith sound.TheMPUthuscontrolsthespeakerviathe addressbusinanaddressdecodingprocess. ofthefourbigchips. busoftheApplelie.

TheAppleHe - AnOverview1-3

Hedevicesisviaaddressdecoding.

Memory

Generalpurposemicrocomputersrequiretwo

typesofmemory,memoryyoucanchange(RAM) andmemoryyoucan'tchange(ROM).*RAMis necessarysoyoucanstoregeneralprogramsand data.ROMisnecessarysothecomputerhasapro-quotesdbs_dbs4.pdfusesText_7