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LECTURE NOTES
For Nursing Students
Human Anatomy
and Physiology
Nega Assefa
Alemaya University
Yosief Tsige
Jimma University
In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003
Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication.
©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige
All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors.
Human Anatomy and Physiology
i
Preface
There is a shortage in Ethiopia of teaching / learning material in the area of anatomy and physicalogy for nurses. The Carter Center EPHTI appreciating the problem and promoted the development of this lecture note that could help both the teachers and students. Human anatomy and physiology is more than just interesting, it is fascinating. To help get the students and instructions involved in the study of this subject, a number of special features are incorporated throughout the lecture note. The lecture note provides a thorough review of human anatomy and physiology applicable to the nurses. It covers all body parts using a systemic approach. Each chapter is designed to aid effective student learning.
Each chapter contains:
- The Learning objectives: what the students are expected to accomplish upon completion of a particular chapter. - Key concepts: summary of selected key terms included in the chapter. - Illustrations: there will aid the students to achieve a better understanding of the subject matter.
Human Anatomy and Physiology
ii - Review questions: a cross check to know if the students have come to grasp concepts stated in the chapter. We hope that you enjoy the lecture note of Human Anatomy and Physiology for nurses. Please let us know if you have any comments regarding this lecture note.
Human Anatomy and Physiology
iii
Acknowledgments
We are highly indebted to acknowledge the authors of the reference books we used in preparing this lecture note. We would like to extend our appreciation to the different professionals involved in reviewing this manuscript through its process specially Dr. Yamrot Kinfu, Head, Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, AAU. We are also grateful to The Carter Center EPHTI for facilitating the preparation of this lecture note. Our gratitude also goes to the assistance offered by Jimma and Alemaya Universities for facilitating the opportunities and resources utilized to develop the lecture note.
Human Anatomy and Physiology
iv
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgement
Table of contents
List of tables
Abbreviations
Introduction
CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER TWO - CELL
CHAPTER THREE - TISSUES AND MEMBRANE
CHAPTER FOUR - THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
CHAPTER FIVE - THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
CHAPTER SIX - THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
CHAPTER SEVEN - THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAPTER EIGHT - THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
CHAPTER NINE - CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
CHAPTER TEN - RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER ELEVEN - DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
CHAPTER TWELVE - THE URINARY SYSTEM
CHAPTER THIRTEEN _ FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE
BALANCE
CHAPTER FOURTEEN - THE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Glossary
Answers to the study questions
References
Human Anatomy and Physiology
v
List of Tables
Table 1.1 Directional terms
Table 5. 1 Comparison between bone and cartilage
Table 5.2 Divisions of the adult skeleton (206 bones) Table 5.3 Descriptions and functions of Cranial Bones Table 5.4 Descriptions and Functions of Facial bones Table 5.5 Bones of the vertebral column (26 bones) Table 5.6 Upper extremity bones and their function Table 5.7 Bones of the lower extremity and their function
Table 5.8 Classifications of joints
Table 5.9 Various types of movements by synovial joint Table 6-1 Summary of events in the contraction of a muscle fiber
Table 6-2 Head and neck muscles
Table 6-3 Trunk muscles
Table 6-4 Upper limb muscles
Table 6-5 Lower limb muscles
Table 7-1 Functions of Major Divisions of the Brain
Table 7-2 Effects of the sympathetic and
Parasympathetic Systems on Selected Organs
Table 7-3 Special Sense Organs
Table 9-1 The ABO Blood Group System
Table 10-1 Breathing Volumes
Table 11-1 Chemical Digestion
Table 12.1 The main structural components of a nephron and their function.
Table 14.1 The Menstrual Cycle
Table 14.2 Summary of major reproduction hormones
Human Anatomy and Physiology
vi
Abbreviations
Ach: Acetylcholine
ACTH: Adrino Cortico Trophic Hormone
ADH: Anti di Uretic Hormone
ADP: Adenosine Di Phosphate
ANS: Autonomic Nervous System
ATP: Adenosine Tri Phosphate
C: Cervical, cervical vertebrae, (C4 cervical vertebrae 4) cm: Centi meter
CNS: Central Nervous System
CRH: Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
CSF: Cerebro Spinal Fluid
DIT: Di Iodo Tyrosine
DNA: Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid
/d: Per day
ECF: Extra Cellular Fluid
ER: Endoplasmic Reticulum
FSH: Follicular stimulating hormone
g: Gram
GHIH: Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone
GHRH: Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
GI: Gastro Intestinal
GnRH: Gondotrophin Releasing Hormone
HCG: Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin hormone
Hcl: Hydrochloric acid
Human Anatomy and Physiology
2 hGH: Human Growth Hormone
ICSH: Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone
IGF: Insulin like Growth Factors
IUD: Intra Uterine Device
L: Lumbar, lumbar vertebrae, (L3, lumbar vertebrae 3) l: liter
LES: Lower esophageal sphincter
LH: Leutinizing Hormone
LPH: Lito tropin Hormone
m: Meter
MIT: Mono Iodo Tyrosine
ml.: Mili liter mm: Milli meter
P: Phosphate
PBI: Protein Bound Iodine
P H : Power of Hydrogen
PIH: Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone
PNS: Peripheral Servous System
POMC: Pro-Opio Melano Cortin
PRH: Prolactin Releasing Hormone
PTH: Para Thyroid Hormone
RNA: Ribo Neuclic Acid
rRNA: Ribosomal Ribo Neuclic Acid T: Thoracic, thoracic vertebrae, (T1 thoracic vertebrae 1) T 3:
Tri iodo tyronin
T 4:
Thyroxin
Human Anatomy and Physiology
3
TGB: Tyro globulin
TRH: Tyro tropin Releasing Hormone
TSH: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
UV: Ultra Violet
Human Anatomy and Physiology
1
Introduction
The course human anatomy and physiology for nurses is designed to help student nurses learn and understand how the human body is organized and function. Equipping the student nurse with the knowledge of anatomy and physiology will further assist the student in understanding what happens and what to do when the body is injured, diseased or placed under stress. This teaching and learning material (lecture note) for nursing students at a diploma level is prepared in line with this concept. Therefore, the students are expected to achieve the following general educational objectives after completion of the course: - Understand and use anatomical terms. - Understand the function of the various organs and their relations with one another. - Know the location of each organ and the important anatomical land marks. - Know the normal structure of the human body in general. - Use the knowledge of anatomy and physiology in nursing practice.
Human Anatomy and Physiology
2
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Learning Objective
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to: - Define Anatomy and Physiology - Explain Homeostasis - Describe levels of structural organization of the human body - Discuss directional terms, anatomical position, planes and sections used in Anatomy. - Differentiate body cavities
Selected Key terms
The following terms are defined in the glossary:
Anatomical position Body regions
Anatomy Directional terms
Appendicular skeleton Homeostasis
Axial skeleton Physiology
Body cavities Quadrants
Body plane
Human Anatomy and Physiology
3
1.1 What are Anatomy and Physiology?
Anatomy: the word anatomy is derived from a Greek word "Anatome" meaning to cut up. It is the study of structures that make up the body and how those structures relate with each other. The study of anatomy includes many sub specialties. These are Gross anatomy, Microscopic anatomy, Developmental anatomy and Embryology. Gross anatomy studies body structure with out microscope. Systemic anatomy studies functional relationships of organs within a system whereas Regional anatomy studies body part regionally. Both systemic and regional approaches may be used to study gross anatomyquotesdbs_dbs9.pdfusesText_15
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