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Human Development

Indices and Indicators

Statistical Update

Copyright @ 2018

By the United Nations Development Programme

1 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017 USA

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stor ed in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permissi on. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library a nd Library of Congress Editing and production: Communications Development Incorporated, Washington DC, USA Information design, cover and data visualization: Human Development Repo rt Ofce M e d i u m h u m a n d e v e l o p m e n t 0.504 0.645 0.757 0 .8 9 4 1.439 b n 2 7 3 3 b n 2 3 7 9 b n 9 2 6 m 0.504 0.645 0.757 0 .8 9 4 1.439 b n 2 7 3 3 b n 2 3 7 9 b n 9 2 6 m

Human Development Indices and Indicators

Published for the

United Nations

Development

Programme

(UNDP) Human Development Indicators and Indices: 2018 Statistical Update Team

Director

Deputy director

Research, writing and statistics

Production, online and digital

Communications and advocacy

Operations

ii |

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICES AND INDICATORS

Foreword: the state of global human development in 2018

2018 STATISTICAL UPDATE | iii

Still, the Sustainable Development Goals

(SDGs) require new indicators for assessing the many faces of inequality, the impact of the global environmental crisis on people now and tomorrow, the importance of voice, and the ways in which communities rather than indi viduals are progressing.

These and many other topics should be

reexamined with a human development lens, resulting in a new generation of Human

Development Reports. As we work to embrace

new data, new ideas and new partners, we will continue to ensure human progress is mon- itored continuously, analyzed regularly and presented globally.

United Nations Development Programme

iv |

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICES AND INDICATORS

Acknowledgements

Selim Jahan

2018 STATISTICAL UPDATE | v

Contents

2 Inequalities in human development—a grave challenge to progress 4 Gender inequality—close the gaps to empower half the world"s people 5

Human deprivations high despite overall progress

7 Moving beyond quantity to the quality of human development 8 Environmental degradation puts human development gains at risk 11

Conclusion

12 Notes 13

References

13

STATISTICAL ANNEX

Readers guide 17

Statistical tables

1.

Human Development Index and its components 22

2.

Human Development Index trends, 1990-2017 26

3.

Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index 30

4.

Gender Development Index 34

5.

Gender Inequality Index 38

6. Multidimensional Poverty Index: developing countries — 7.

Population trends 44

8.

Health outcomes 48

9.

Education achievements 52

10.

National income and composition of resources 56

11.

Work and employment 60

12.

Human security 64

13.

Human and capital mobility 68

14. Supplementary indicators: perceptions of well-being 72 15.

Status of fundamental human rights treaties 76

1.

Quality of human development 81

2.

Life-course gender gap 86

3.

Women"

s empowerment 91
4.

Environmental sustainability 96

5.

Socioeconomic sustainability 101

106

Index to Sustainable Development Goal indicators

107

Statistical references

110
BOXES

1 Measuring human development 1

2

Income inequality within countries 4

3

The Multidimensional Poverty Index 9

1 Evolution of human development composite indices 1

2

Human development dashboards 2

3 Human Development Index values, by country grouping, 1990-2017 3 4 Change in Human Development Index rank in conict-affected countries,

2012-2017

3 5 Loss in Human Development Index value due to inequality, by human development group, 2017 5 6 Inequalities in human development outcomes around the world, 2017 5 7 Life expectancy at birth, by human development group, 2017 6 8

Human Development Index by gender, gender gap and Gender Development Index, by developing region, 2017

7 9 Gender Inequality Index, by developing region, 2017 8 10

Life-course gender gap, 2017 9

11 Healthy life expectancy and overall life expectancy, by human development group, 2017 10 12 Impressive progress in expected years of schooling and mean years of schooling, 1990-2017 11 13 Number of primary school pupils per teacher, by human development group, 2012-2017 11 14 Carbon dioxide emissions per capita, by human development group, 2014 (tonnes) 12 15 Change in forest area, by human development group, 1990-2015 12 * This table, based on a revised methodology developed jointly with the Ox ford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, will be available in due course.

2018 STATISTICAL UPDATE | vii

Human development indices and indicators

Human development is about human freedoms. It is about building human capabilities—not just for a few, not even for

most, but for everyone. In 1990 UNDP published the rst Human Develop ment Report (HDR). Since then, it has produced more than 800 global, regional, national and subnational HDRs and organi zed hundreds of workshops, conferences and other outreach initiatives to foster human development. These activities have extended the frontiers of analytical thinking about human progress beyond economic growth, rmly placing people and human well-being at the centre of development policies and strategies.

Human Development Indices and

Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update

FIGURE 1

Human

Development

Index (HDI)

Inequality-

adjusted Human

Development

Index (IHDI)

Gender

Inequality

Index (GII)

Multidimensional

Poverty Index

(MPI)

Gender

Development

Index (GDI) 1990
2010
2014

Source:

Human Development Report Ofce.

BOX 1

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite

index focusing on three basic dimensions of human development: the ability to lead a long and healthy life, measured by life expectancy at birth; the ability to ac quire knowledge, measured by mean years of school ing and expected years of schooling; and the ability to achieve a decent standard of living, measured by gross national income per capita.To measure human development more comprehen- sively, the Human Development Report presents four other composite indices. The Inequality-adjusted HDI dis counts the HDI according to the extent of inequality. The

Gender Development Index compares female and male

HDI values. The Gender Inequality Index highlights wom en"s empowerment. And the Multidimensional Poverty

Index measures nonincome dimensions of poverty.

Source:

Human Development Report Ofce.

| 1 released to ensure consistency in reporting on key human development indices and statistics. It provides a brief overview of the state of human development—snapshots of current conditions as well as long-term trends in human develop- ment indicators. And it includes a full statistical annex of human development composite indices and indicators across their various dimensions. is update includes the 2017 values for the

HDI and other composite indices as well as

current statistics in key areas of human develop- ment for use by policymakers, researchers and others in their analytical, planning and policy work. In addition to the standard HDR tables, statistical dashboards are included to draw attention to the relationship between human well-being and ve topics: quality of human development, life-course gender gaps, women"s empowerment, environmental sustainability and socioeconomic sustainability (gure2).

Accompanying the statistical annex is an over-

view of trends in human development, high- lighting the considerable progress, but also the persistent deprivations and disparities.

Index and its key components—

progress not linear, and still far togo e 2018 Update presents HDI values for 189 countries and territories with the most recent data for 2017. 1

Of these countries, 59 are in the

very high human development group, 53 in the high, 39 in the medium and only 38 in the low.

In 2010, 49 countries were in the low human

development group. e top ve countries in the global HDI ranking are Norway (0.953), Switzerland (0.944), Australia (0.939), Ireland (0.938) and Germany (0.936) (see statistical table1). e bottom ve are Burundi (0.417), Chad (0.404), South Sudan (0.388), the Central

African Republic (0.367) and Niger (0.354).

The largest increases in HDI rank between

2012 and 2017 were for Ireland, which moved

up 13 places, and for Botswana, the Dominican

Republic and Turkey, which each moved up

8. The largest declines were for the Syrian

Arab Republic (down 27), Libya (26) and

Yemen (20).

Looking back over almost three decades, all

regions and human development groups have made substantial progress. e global HDI value in 2017 was 0.728, up about 21.7per- cent from 0.598 in 1990. Across the world, people are living longer, are more educated and have greater livelihood opportunities.

The average lifespan is seven years longer

than it was in 1990, and more than 130 countries have universal enrolment in primary education.

Although HDI values have been rising across

all regions and human development groups, the rates vary signicantly (see statistical table2).

South Asia was the fastest growing region over

1990-2017, at 45.3percent, followed by East

Asia and the Pacic at 41.8percent and Sub-

Saharan Africa at 34.9percent (gure3). e

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

Development (OECD) countries, by contrast,

grew 14.0percent. e trends hold promise for reducing gaps in human development across regions.

But HDI growth has also slowed in all

regions, particularly in the last decade. Part of the reason lies in the 2008-2009 global food, nancial and economic crises. But part is simply that as human progress advances, slower HDI growth is inevitable, given the growth ceilings of dierent components of the

HDI—as seen with OECD countries. ere is

a biological limit to life expectancy, and years of schooling and rates of enrolment cannot grow indenitely. Income is the only compo- nent of the HDI that could continue to grow; but even income growth slows as economies mature. 2

As more countries reach the upper

limits of HDI dimensions, measures of the quality of human development become more central.

Progress since 1990 has not always been

steady. Some countries suered reversals due to conicts, epidemics or economic crises. For example, many countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia saw their HDI values fall in the 1990s due to the collapse of the Soviet

Union and to military conict, hyperination

and a painful introduction (or expansion) of market mechanisms. Sub-Saharan Africa also had losses in the 1990s, when conict and the

HIV/AIDS epidemic caused life expectancy

to drop dramatically. Despite these challenges, dashboards

Quality

of human development

Life-course

gender gap

Women"s

empowerment

Environmental

sustainability

Socioeconomic

sustainability

Human Development Report Ofce.

2 | HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICES AND INDICATORS

Progress on the HDI

since 1990 has not always been steady.

Some countries

suffered reversals due to conicts, epidemics or economic crises

FIGURE 3

Arab StatesEast Asia & the PacicEurope & Central Asia

Latin America & the Caribbean

South Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

1990200020102017Human development classication

(Human Development Index value) Low (Less than

0.550)Medium

(0.550-0.699)High (0.700-0.799)Very high (0.800 or greater)OECD World

0.3000.550

0.700 0.800

Source:

Human Development Report Office.

FIGURE 4

Change in HDI rank

-20Yemen (from 158 in 2012 to 178 in 2017) -26 Libya (from 82 in 2012 to 108 in 2017) -27Syrian Arab Republic (from 128 in 2012 to 155 in 2017)

Source:

Human Development Report Office.

| 3

The average loss in

the global HDI value due to inequality isquotesdbs_dbs17.pdfusesText_23