[PDF] [PDF] Longman Communication 3000

Analysis of the Longman Corpus Network shows that these 3000 most frequent words in spoken and written English account for 86 of the language This means 



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?LONGMAN COMMUNICATION 3000

Longman Communication 3000

The is a list of the 3000 most frequent words in both spoken and written English, based on statistical analysis of the 390 million words contained in the Longman Corpus Network - a group of corpuses or databases of authentic English language. The represents the core of the English language and shows students of English which words are the most important for them to learn and study in order to communicate e?ectively in both speech and writing.

Analysis of the Longman Corpus Network

shows that these 3000 most frequent words in spoken and written English account for

86% of the language. This means that by

knowing this list of words, a learner of English is in a position to understand 86% or more of what he or she reads. Of course, "knowing" a word involves more than simply being able to recognise it and know a main meaning of it. Many of the most frequent words have a range of di?erent meanings, a variety of di?erent grammatical patterns, and numerous significant collocations. Nonetheless, a basic understanding of the is a very powerful tool and will help students develop good comprehension and communication skills in English.

Jeremy Harmer, ELT author

To ensure that users have access to the

appropriate information, the marks all the words that are in the in red accompanied by special symbols: fl fi , and for words that are in the top 1000, 2000 and 3000 most frequent words in written English, and Sfl Sfi and

S for the top 1000, 2000 and 3000 most

frequent words in spoken English. Nowadays, many learner's dictionaries include information about the most frequent words in English, but

Longman dictionaries are the only ones to

highlight the di?erences between spoken and

written frequency.These frequency markers added to the headwords in the dictionary give users access to a wealth of information that can help the

selection of the appropriate word or phrase in a variety of situations. Not only are the words and meanings given descriptive labels, for example or (American

English) or

(British English), , but now they have the added information about relative frequency in spoken and written language.

Take for example the verb

(in the meaning of ). It is marked as Sfi - one of the top 2000 words of spoken

English. Note that is has no marker for written

English because according to corpus analysis,

it is not part of the top 3000 most frequent words in written English. However, the entry also indicates that a synonym for is which is in the top 3000 most frequent words in written English. The conclusion to be drawn from this is that in speaking (for instance when phoning a hotel or restaurant), is the most appropriate verb to use when asking for a room or table to be kept for you. In writing, however, it would be more appropriate to use

Professor Geo?rey Leech,

Emeritus Professor of English Language

and Linguistics - University of LancasterLearning a language can be exciting, but also sometimes di?cult and frustrating because there are so many things to learn

and it is di?cult to know what to focus on.

The frequency markers that identify the

help students see clearly which words are frequent in written and spoken English, and enable them to focus more attention on mastering the meanings, grammatical patterns and collocations of these words. a

S1, W1

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S2, W1

able

S1, W1

about

S1, W1

about

S1, W1

above

S2, W1

above W3 abroad

S2, W3

absence

S3, W2

absolute

S2, W3

absolutely

S1, W3

absorb W3 abuse

S2, W3

academic W2 accept

S1, W1

acceptable

S3, W3

access

S2, W1

accident

S2, W2

accommodation S2, W2 accompany W2 according to

S2, W1

account

S1, W1

account

S3, W2

accurate

S2, W3

accuse W3 achieve

S2, W1

achievement

S3, W2

acid W3 acknowledge

S3, W3

acquire W2 across

S1, W1

act

S1, W1

act

S2, W1

action

S1, W1

active

S2, W2

activist S3 activity

S2, W1

actor W3 actual

S1, W2

actually

S1, W1

ad

S3, W3

adapt W3 add

S1, W1

addition

S3, W1

additional

S3, W2

address

S2, W2

address

S2, W2

adequate

S3, W3

adjust W3 administration

S2, W2

administrative W3 admire S3 admission W3 admit

S2, W1

adopt

S3, W2adult S2, W2

adult W3 advance

S2, W2

advance W3 advanced W3 advantage

S2, W1

advert S3 advertise

S3, W3

advertisement S3 advertising W3 advice

S2, W2

advise

S2, W2

adviser

S3, W3

afiair

S2, W1

afiect

S2, W1

afiord

S1, W3

afraid

S1, W2

after

S1, W1

afternoon

S1, W2

afterwards

S2, W3

again

S1, W1

against

S1, W1

age

S1, W1

aged W3 agency

S3, W1

agent

S3, W2

aggressive S3 ago

S1, W1

agree

S1, W1

agreement

S2, W1

agriculture W2 ahead

S1, W2

aid

S2, W2

aim

S2, W2

aim

S2, W2

air

S1, W1

aircraft

S2, W2

airline

S2, W3

airport

S3, W3

alarm S2 album

S3, W3

alcohol W3 alive

S2, W3

all

S1, W1

all

S1, W1

allow

S1, W1

allowance

S2, W3

all right

S1, W2

almost

S1, W1

alone

S2, W1

along

S1, W1

along

S1, W1

alongside W3 already

S1, W1also S1, W1alter S3, W3alternative S2, W2

alternative

S2, W3

although

S1, W1

altogether

S2, W3

always

S1, W1

amazing S2 ambition W3 ambulance S3 among

S2, W1

amount

S1, W1

an

S1, W1

analyse W3 analysis

S3, W1

analyst W2 ancient W2 and

S1, W1

anger W3 angle

S3, W3

angry

S3, W3

animal

S1, W1

announce

S2, W1

announcement

S3, W3

annoy S3 annual

S2, W2

another

S1, W1

answer

S1, W1

answer

S1, W2

anticipate S3 anxiety

S3, W3

anxious

S3, W3

any S1, W1 any S2 anybody

S1, W3

anyhow S3 anyone

S1, W1

anything

S1, W1

anyway

S1, W2

anywhere

S1, W3

apart

S2, W1

apartment

S2, W3

apologize S2 apology S3 apparent W2 apparently

S1, W2

appeal

S2, W1

appeal

S3, W3

appear

S2, W1

appearance W2 apple

S2, W3

application

S1, W1

apply

S1, W1

appoint

S2, W2appointment S2, W2

appreciate

S2, W3

approach

S2, W1

approach

S2, W2

appropriate

S2, W1

approval

S2, W3

approve

S3, W2

approximate

S3, W3

architect W3 architecture

S3, W3

area

S1, W1

argue

S2, W1

argument

S1, W1

arise

S3, W2

arm

S1, W1

armed

S3, W3

army

S1, W1

around

S1, W1

arrange

S2, W2

arrangement

S2, W2

arrest W3 arrival W3 arrive

S2, W1

art

S1, W1

article

S2, W1

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