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Vocabulary for Writing Essays © 2010 The Learning Centre, The University of Sydney http://sydney.edu.au/stuserv/learning_centre/ May be printed for personal use.

Attribution Endorsement Conjunctions Modality Evaluation

Attributing or projecting

claims to outside authorities in a specific or general way

Attributing claims

with more or less support or certainty Words that link ideas, helping to create a 'flow' in the writing. Many conjunctions can be used at the start of a sentence and/or to link two short sentences into one long one. See WriteSIte for examples, exceptions and exercises. (WriteSite web address at bottom of this page)

Words which express degrees of

certainty, frequency or obligation

Words interpreted as

positive or negative or which intensify meaning of other words

According to ____

_____argues (that) _____discusses _____states (that) _____shows (that) _____expresses _____proves (that) _____explains (that) ____suggests (that) ____ demonstrates ____ 's argument ____'s statement ____'s claim ____'s thesis ____'s position

In ____'s view

As {argued} by ___

There is (widespread)

agreement that ...

There is (strong)

evidence to {suggest}

A number of researchers

(____ 1995; ____ 2003)

A study by__ {found}

that ...

The researchers

{suggest} that ... ____'s {claim} (that) [neutral] reports states notes describes explains illustrates argues shows finds outlines maintains persuades

In the view of

According to

[positive] affirms agrees stresses asserts demonstrates emphasises makes clear [negative] claims assumes suggests proposes believes in his opinion overlooks

Comparison

In the same way

likewise just as both ... and

Addition

In addition

Additionally

Furthermore

Moreover

Similarly

and also as well besides not only but also besides

Contrast

However

In contrast

On the other hand

On the contrary

Instead

Nevertheless

but yet still neither ...nor even so

Replacement

Alternatively

or or else

Concession

Although

Even though

Despite

Whereas

While

NB: Concession words

allow the writer to acknowledge opposing positions in less powerful ways e.g. {Although} [there are some valid points raised by Smith], there are many significant problems ... Cause because as so so that since

Therefore

Thus Hence

As a result,

Because of this

For this reason

in order for in order that consequently

Condition

unless if then in that case that being so

Exemplifying

for example, for instance, to illustrate this such as

Restatement

in other words to sum up in summary in sum in brief that is to put it another way

Time & Place

First(ly),

Second(ly),

Finally,

then after afterwards previously subsequently prior to up 'til now to the present at present first and foremost next may could can might will would has to had to should * must * ought to need perhaps possibly probably certainly usually sometimes always * never * seldom rarely definitely absolutely by all means clearly of course surely obviously occasionally generally regularly for the main part very just simply merely only even actually really in fact much barely slightly quite almost nearly scarcely hardly absolutely entirely completely totally * tends to seems appears [+ve] important significant strong clear effective main major beneficial valuable relevant logical persuasive valid unbiased plausible useful succeeds in ... [-ve] problematic limited unrealistic irrelevant minor unnecessary insignificant biased invalid questionable controversial fails to ... neglects ... dismisses ... omits ...

• Words with an asterix (*) indicate high modality (ie. 'strong' words). In academic writing, it is often preferable to use medium modality words (e.g. "often" instead of "always"; "may" instead of "must").

• Tip: Only use words which you are comfortable with, otherwise your writing will sound 'forced' or 'unnatural'. Suggestion: highlight the words above you feel confident with now. As you read academic texts (e.g.

journals), pay attention to the vocabulary you encounter.

References

Droga, L. and Humphrey, S. (2002) A Workbook for Getting Started with Functional Grammar. Berry, NSW: Target Texts.

The Write Site http://writesite.elearn.usyd.edu.au (click on Module 3: Structure à Unit 5: Writing Cohesively à Section 6: Using Conjunctions)

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