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Hydrogen Supply PathwaysAqil Jamal, Ph.D.Chief Technologist, Carbon Management R&DSaudi Aramco, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia2019 MIT Energy Initiative Spring SymposiumCan hydrogen become part of the climate solution?June 3, 2019, Samberg Conference Center, Cambridge, MA 02142

2

Saudi Aramco: Publicwho we are:336.2barrels of oil equivalent reservesbillion8.9scfd of natural gas processedbillionbpd crude with blended condensate produced

a fully integrated energy and chemicals enterprise10.3million 3 Saudi Aramco: PublicGlobal oil consumption by sector Source: Data from OPEC and IEA, 2016

Petrochemicals

13%

Other Industry

13%

Residential,

Commercial &

Agricultural

11%Electricity Generation6%

Transport

57%Oil Consumption by Sector(MMBD Basis)Marine & Other 11%Aviation 11%Freight 32%Passenger (LDV) 46%

4 Saudi Aramco: PublicStrong policy push to decarbonize road transport

10 States: 15% ZEVs by 2025

No new ICE after 2040

100% ZEVs by 2025

20% NEVs by 2025

* Electric & fuel cell vehicles; NEV: New Energy Vehicle

800,000 FCEVsby 2030

No new ICE after 2050

No new diesel cars after 2025

The Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV*) is being deployed globally

640,000 FCEVs by 2030

5

Saudi Aramco: PublicHydrogen can be a viable option for transport sectorSource: Hydrogen Council, "Hydrogen Scaling Up," (2017)Weight (tons)Average mileage per day trip(km)

Small vehicles

Medium to large vehicles, fleets and taxisLight commercial vehicles

Battery EV

Hydrogen FCEV

Liquid HC fuels

1101001,00010,000+101001,000+Marine and aviation

Heavy commercial vehicles

~ 5 MMBOD current annual energy consumption per vehicle type 6 Saudi Aramco: PublicHydrogen import options require new infrastructure and business models

FEEDSTOCKPRODUCTION

Feedstock

consumption, chemical process, technology, equipment sizing and capacity, production efficiency, product volume and phase, product storage

TRANSPORT

Transportation vessel,

vessel size, transportation distance, delivery frequency

EXTRACTION

Product storage,

consumption and conversion, chemical process and technology, equipment sizing and capacity, production efficiency, product volume and phase, product storage

APPLICATION

Product demand and

availability, emission standards, transport logistics and distances 7

Saudi Aramco: PublicHydrogen delivery options

H2MCH productionH2liquefactionNH3productionHydrogen productionRenewables

CCUSNatural Gas

MCH extractionH2regasificationNH3extraction

Oil

TransportPower & HeatIndustry

ProductionTransportExtractionApplicationMCH: Methyl Cyclohexane; NH3: Ammonia; CCUS: Carbon Capture Utilization and StorageTarget marketH2Hydrogen productionH2

H2CO2CO2

Oil/LPG

8

Saudi Aramco: PublicReduced hydrogen production costsñUsage of existing infrastructureñUsage of same tankersLPG and CO2transport offer good synergies

RefiningTransportSemi-refrigerated tanker-40 to -50 °CH2delivery

Target marketStorageStorage

CO2captureProduction country

LPG CO265% of CO2can be shipped back using the LPG tankerCO2storageCO2 9

Saudi Aramco: Public

18 m3MCH14 m3L-H210 m3NH36 m3LPGTransport MaturityH2extractionToxicity

Hydrogen carriers benchmarkHydrogen carrier transportper ton of H2

Manageable safety

10

Saudi Aramco: Public

www.searates.com

LPG transport is an attractive option

4 LPG ships + 1 CO2ship

6 NH3ships

9 L-H2ships

11 MCH shipsValue chain for 200,000 t/yr H2sea transport in 50,000 m3ships

11

Saudi Aramco: PublicNeed to demonstrate trans-ocean CO2transportIn-market hydrogen production is an attractive option0%50%100%KSA-LPG-MCHKSA-LPG-NH3KSA-LPG-LiqH2JP-LPG*Normalized LCOHLevelized Cost of hydrogen with CCSExtraction & StorageTransportationProductionFeedstock*H2production in Japan with CCS and CO2shipping to Saudi ArabiaShort-term projections; transport from KSA to Japan

12

Saudi Aramco: PublicIn-market hydrogen production is an attractive option0%50%100%KSA-LPG-MCHKSA-LPG-NH3KSA-LPG-LiqH2JP-LPG*Normalized LCOHLevelized Cost of hydrogen with CCSLast mileExtraction & StorageTransportationProductionFeedstock*H2production in Japan with CCS and CO2shipping to Saudi ArabiaShort-term projections; transport from KSA to Japan

Last mile cost represents about 1/3rdof the total hydrogen cost 13 Saudi Aramco: PublicH2refueling stations and the distribution terminal are the biggest cost elements

0%20%40%60%80%100%TransmissionPipelineDistributionTerminalCompressed H2TruckStorageRe-fuelingStationHydrogen delivery & distribution cost elementsCAPEXOPEXEnergy/FuelThis simulated scenario is for 10 km pipeline transmission from import terminal to distribution terminal, followed by tube trailer truck delivery to refueling stations, which have a hydrogen dispensing capacity of 1,000 kg/day at 700 bar and operate at 80% utilization.Onsite hydrogen generation can potentially reduce the last mile cost

14

Saudi Aramco: PublicCurrent R&D addresses oil based hydrogen competitivenessMembrane reactor•Maximize process intensification•Improve CAPEX and increase conversion efficiency

Fueling station•Reduce hydrogen delivery cost •Improve compression efficiency Onsite packaged reformerElectrochemical compressorCCUS •Enhance CO2capture and storage capacity

Direct CO

2 capture at intermediate temperature by molten salts-coated metal oxide nanoclusters

ToestablishthedirectCO

2 capturemethodfromquotesdbs_dbs3.pdfusesText_6