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C++ #c++
Table of Contents
About1
Chapter 1: Getting started with C++2
Remarks2
Versions2
Examples2
Hello World2
Analysis2
Comments4
Single-Line Comments4
C-Style/Block Comments4
Importance of Comments5
Comment markers used to disable code5
Function6
Function Declaration6
Function Call7
Function Definition7
Function Overloading8
Default Parameters8
Special Function Calls - Operators8
Visibility of function prototypes and declarations9
The standard C++ compilation process10
Preprocessor11
Chapter 2: Alignment13
Introduction13
Remarks13
Examples13
Querying the alignment of a type13
Controlling alignment14
Chapter 3: Argument Dependent Name Lookup15
Examples15
What functions are found15
Chapter 4: Arithmitic Metaprogramming17
Introduction17
Examples17
Calculating power in O(log n)17
Chapter 5: Arrays19
Introduction19
Examples19
Array size: type safe at compile time.19
Dynamically sized raw array20
Expanding dynamic size array by using std::vector.21 A fixed size raw array matrix (that is, a 2D raw array).22 A dynamic size matrix using std::vector for storage.23
Array initialization25
Chapter 6: Atomic Types27
Syntax27
Remarks27
Examples27
Multi-threaded Access27
Chapter 7: Attributes29
Syntax29
Examples29
[[noreturn]]29 [[fallthrough]]30 [[deprecated]] and [[deprecated("reason")]]31 [[nodiscard]]31 [[maybe_unused]]32
Chapter 8: auto34
Remarks34
Examples34
Basic auto sample34
auto and Expression Templates35 auto, const, and references35
Trailing return type36
Generic lambda (C++14)36
auto and proxy objects37
Chapter 9: Basic input/output in c++38
Remarks38
Examples38
user input and standard output38
Chapter 10: Basic Type Keywords40
Examples40
int40 bool40 char40 char16_t40 char32_t41 float41 double41 long41 short42 void42 wchar_t42
Chapter 11: Bit fields44
Introduction44
Remarks44
Examples45
Declaration and Usage45
Chapter 12: Bit Manipulation46
Remarks46
Examples46
Setting a bit46
C-style bit manipulation46
Using std::bitset46
Clearing a bit46
C-style bit-manipulation46
Using std::bitset47
Toggling a bit47
C-style bit-manipulation47
Using std::bitset47
Checking a bit47
C-style bit-manipulation47
Using std::bitset48
Changing the nth bit to x48
C-style bit-manipulation48
Using std::bitset48
Set all bits48
C-style bit-manipulation48
Using std::bitset48
Remove rightmost set bit48
C-style bit-manipulation48
Counting bits set49
Check if an integer is a power of 250
Bit Manipulation Application: Small to Capital Letter50
Chapter 13: Bit Operators52
Remarks52
Examples52
& - bitwise AND52 | - bitwise OR53 ^ - bitwise XOR (exclusive OR)53 ~ - bitwise NOT (unary complement)55 << - left shift56 >> - right shift57
Chapter 14: Build Systems58
Introduction58
Remarks58
Examples58
Generating Build Environment with CMake58
Compiling with GNU make59
Introduction59
Basic rules59
Incremental builds60
Documentation61
Building with SCons61
Ninja62
Introduction62
NMAKE (Microsoft Program Maintenance Utility)62
Introduction62
Autotools (GNU)63
Introduction63
Chapter 15: C incompatibilities64
Introduction64
Examples64
Reserved Keywords64
Weakly typed pointers64
goto or switch64
Chapter 16: C++ Containers65
Introduction65
Examples65
C++ Containers Flowchart65
Chapter 17: C++ Debugging and Debug-prevention Tools & Techniques68
Introduction68
Remarks68
Examples68
My C++ program ends with segfault - valgrind68
Segfault analysis with GDB70
Clean code71
The use of separate functions for separate actions72
Using consistent formatting/constructions73
Point attention to the important parts of your code.73
Conclusion73
Static analysis73
Compiler warnings74
External tools74
Other tools75
Conclusion75
Safe-stack (Stack corruptions)75
Which parts of the stack get moved?75
What is it actually used for?75
How to enable it?75
Conclusion76
Chapter 18: C++ function "call by value" vs. "call by reference"77
Introduction77
Examples77
Call by value77
Chapter 19: C++ Streams79
Remarks79
Examples79
String streams79
Reading a file till the end80
Reading a text file line-by-line80
Lines without whitespace characters80
Lines with whitespace characters80
Reading a file into a buffer at once81
Copying streams81
Arrays82
Printing collections with iostream82
Basic printing82
Implicit type cast82
Generation and transformation83
Arrays83
Parsing files83
Parsing files into STL containers83
Parsing heterogeneous text tables84
Transformation84
Chapter 20: C++11 Memory Model86
Remarks86
Atomic Operations86
Sequential Consistency87
Relaxed Ordering87
Release-Acquire Ordering87
Release-Consume Ordering88
Fences88
Examples88
Need for Memory Model88
Fence example90
Chapter 21: Callable Objects92
Introduction92
Remarks92
Examples92
Function Pointers92
Classes with operator() (Functors)93
Chapter 22: Classes/Structures94
Syntax94
Remarks94
Examples94
Class basics94
Access specifiers95
Inheritance96
Virtual Inheritance98
Multiple Inheritance99
Accessing class members101
Background102
Private inheritance: restricting base class interface102
Final classes and structs103
Friendship104
Nested Classes/Structures105
Member Types and Aliases109
Static class members113
Non-static member functions118
Unnamed struct/class119
Chapter 23: Client server examples122
Examples122
Hello TCP Server122
Hello TCP Client125
Chapter 24: Common compile/linker errors (GCC)127
Examples127
error: '***' was not declared in this scope127
Variables127
Functions127
undefined reference to `***'128 fatal error: ***: No such file or directory129
Chapter 25: Compiling and Building130
Introduction130
Remarks130
Examples130
Compiling with GCC130
Linking with libraries:131
Compiling with Visual C++ (Command Line)132
Compiling with Visual Studio (Graphical Interface) - Hello World136
Compiling with Clang143
Online Compilers143
The C++ compilation process145
Compiling with Code::Blocks (Graphical interface)147
Chapter 26: Concurrency With OpenMP153
Introduction153
Remarks153
Examples153
OpenMP: Parallel Sections153
OpenMP: Parallel Sections154
OpenMP: Parallel For Loop155
OpenMP: Parallel Gathering / Reduction155
Chapter 27: Const Correctness157
Syntax157
Remarks157
Examples157
The Basics157
Const Correct Class Design158
Const Correct Function Parameters160
Const Correctness as Documentation162
const CV-Qualified Member Functions:162 const Function Parameters:164
Chapter 28: const keyword167
Syntax167
Remarks167
Examples167
Const local variables167
Const pointers168
Const member functions168
Avoiding duplication of code in const and non-const getter methods.168
Chapter 29: Constant class member functions171
Remarks171
Examples171
constant member function171
Chapter 30: constexpr173
Introduction173
Remarks173
Examples173
constexpr variables173 constexpr functions175
Static if statement177
Chapter 31: Copy Elision179
Examples179
Purpose of copy elision179
Guaranteed copy elision180
Return value elision181
Parameter elision182
Named return value elision182
Copy initialization elision183
Chapter 32: Copying vs Assignment184
Syntax184
Parameters184
Remarks184
Examples184
Assignment Operator184
Copy Constructor185
Copy Constructor Vs Assignment Constructor186
Chapter 33: Curiously Recurring Template Pattern (CRTP)188
Introduction188
Examples188
The Curiously Recurring Template Pattern (CRTP)188
CRTP to avoid code duplication190
Chapter 34: Data Structures in C++192
Examples192
Linked List implementation in C++192
Chapter 35: Date and time using header195
Examples195
Measuring time using195
Find number of days between two dates195
Chapter 36: decltype197
Introduction197
Examples197
Basic Example197
Another example197
Chapter 37: Design pattern implementation in C++199
Introduction199
Remarks199
Examples199
Observer pattern199
Adapter Pattern202
Factory Pattern204
Builder Pattern with Fluent API205
Pass the builder around207
Design variant : Mutable object207
Chapter 38: Digit separators209
Examples209
Digit Separator209
Chapter 39: Enumeration210
Examples210
Basic Enumeration Declaration210
Enumeration in switch statements211
Iteration over an enum211
Scoped enums212
Enum forward declaration in C++11213
Chapter 40: Exceptions214
Examples214
Catching exceptions214
Rethrow (propagate) exception215
Function Try Blocks In constructor216
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