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lege of being treated immediately as a full citizen of the state one chooses for of the due process clause of the 14th Amendment as a substantive restraint on state its text and a concept directly addressed in the Fourth Amend- ment ''614

derivation of national citizenship, the Fourteenth Amendment did not obliterate the though guilty of contributory negligence, and full compensatory damages nouncing rights not readily identifiable in the Constitution's text'' that underlay his

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derivation of national citizenship, the Fourteenth Amendment did not obliterate the though guilty of contributory negligence, and full compensatory damages under the not mentioned in its text and a concept directly addressed in the

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Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment grants Congress the “power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article ” U S CONST amend XIV, §

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But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void "

Federalism and the Fourteenth Amendment - CORE

Of course, the author retains full responsibility for any errors that remain then they could simply have said that in the text of the amendment The courts

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Ratified by Required Number of States, 6 December 1865 Page 6 Text of the 14th Amendment to the U S Constitution Rights of Citizenship

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The 14th Amendment to the U S Constitution Article XIV Section 1 All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof,

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1665

FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT

RIGHTS GUARANTEED

PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES OF CITIZENSHIP,

DUE PROCESS AND EQUAL PROTECTION

Page

Section 1. Rights Guaranteed ...................................................................................................1671

The Fourteenth Amendment and States" Rights ............................................................. 1671

Citizens of the United States ............................................................................................ 1671

Privileges or Immunities .................................................................................................... 1674

Due Process of Law ............................................................................................................1678

Generally ......................................................................................................................1678

Definitions ....................................................................................................................1679

''Person"" ................................................................................................................. 1679

''Property"" and Police Power ............................................................................... 1681

''Liberty"" ................................................................................................................ 1682

The Rise and Fall of Economic Substantive Due Process: Overview ...................... 1682

Regulation of Labor Conditions .................................................................................. 1689

Liberty of Contract ............................................................................................... 1689

Laws Regulating Working Conditions and Wages ............................................ 1693

Workers" Compensation Laws ............................................................................. 1696

Collective Bargaining ........................................................................................... 1697

Regulation of Business Enterprises: Price Controls ................................................. 1700

Types of Businesses That May be Regulated ..................................................... 1700

Substantive Review of Price Controls ................................................................ 1703

Early Limitations on Review ............................................................................... 1705

History of the Valuation Question ...................................................................... 1707

Regulation of Public Utilities and Common Carriers ............................................... 1710

In General ............................................................................................................. 1710

Compulsory Expenditures: Grade Crossings, and the Like .............................. 1711

Compellable Services ........................................................................................... 1712

Imposition of Statutory Liabilities and Penalties Upon Common Carriers .... 1715 Regulation of Businesses, Corporations, Professions, and Trades .......................... 1716

Generally ............................................................................................................... 1716

Laws Prohibiting Trusts, Restraint of Trade or Fraud ..................................... 1717 Banking, Wage Assignments and Garnishment ................................................ 1719

Insurance .............................................................................................................. 1720

Miscellaneous Businesses and Professions ........................................................ 1722

Protection of State Resources ..................................................................................... 1724

Oil and Gas ........................................................................................................... 1724

Protection of Property and Agricultural Crops .................................................. 1726

Water, Fish and Game ......................................................................................... 1727

Ownership of Real Property: Rights and Limitations .............................................. 1728

Zoning and Similar Actions ................................................................................. 1728

Estates, Succession, Abandoned Property .......................................................... 1730

Health, Safety, and Morals ......................................................................................... 1732

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1666AMENDMENT 14-RIGHTS GUARANTEED

Section 1. Rights Guaranteed-Continued

Due Process of Law-Continued

Health ................................................................................................................... 1732

Safety .................................................................................................................... 1734

Morality ................................................................................................................. 1736

Vested and Remedial Rights ...................................................................................... 1736

State Control over Local Units of Government ......................................................... 1737

Taxing Power ............................................................................................................... 1738

Generally ............................................................................................................... 1738

Jurisdiction to Tax ...................................................................................................... 1742

Generally ............................................................................................................... 1742

Real Property ........................................................................................................ 1743

Tangible Personalty ............................................................................................. 1743

Intangible Personalty ........................................................................................... 1745

Transfer (Inheritance, Estate, Gift) Taxes ......................................................... 1748

Corporate Privilege Taxes ................................................................................... 1752

Individual Income Taxes ..................................................................................... 1753

Corporate Income Taxes: Foreign Corporations ................................................ 1754

Insurance Company Taxes .................................................................................. 1755

Procedure in Taxation ................................................................................................. 1756

Generally ............................................................................................................... 1756

Notice and Hearing in Relation to Taxes ........................................................... 1756

Notice and Hearing in Relation to Assessments ............................................... 1757

Collection of Taxes ............................................................................................... 1759

Sufficiency and Manner of Giving Notice ........................................................... 1761

Sufficiency of Remedy .......................................................................................... 1762

Laches ................................................................................................................... 1762

Eminent Domain ......................................................................................................... 1762

Fundamental Rights (Noneconomic Substantive Due Process) ............................... 1763

Development of the Right of Privacy .................................................................. 1763

Abortion ................................................................................................................ 1768

Privacy after Roe: Informational Privacy, Privacy of the Home or Personal

Autonomy? ......................................................................................................... 1778

Family Relationships ........................................................................................... 1787

Liberty Interests of the Retarded, Mentally Ill or Abnormal: Commitment

and Treatment .................................................................................................. 1789

''Right to Die"" ....................................................................................................... 1792

Procedural Due Process: Civil ........................................................................................... 1794

Generally ......................................................................................................................1794

Relevance of Historical Use ................................................................................. 1794

Non-Judicial Proceedings .................................................................................... 1795

The Requirements of Due Process ...................................................................... 1795

The Procedure Which Is Due Process ........................................................................ 1800

The Interests Protected: ''Life, Liberty and Property"" ...................................... 1800

The Property Interest .......................................................................................... 1800

The Liberty Interest ............................................................................................. 1806

Proceedings in Which Procedural Due Process Need Not Be Observed .......... 1809

When Process Is Due ........................................................................................... 1811

Jurisdiction ..................................................................................................................1817

Generally ............................................................................................................... 1817

In Personam Proceedings Against Individuals .................................................. 1818

Suing Out-of-State (Foreign) Corporations ........................................................ 1821

Actions in Rem: Proceedings Against Property ................................................. 1827

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1667AMENDMENT 14-RIGHTS GUARANTEED

Section 1. Rights Guaranteed-Continued

Procedural Due Process: Civil-Continued

Quasi in Rem: Attachment Proceedings ............................................................. 1829

Actions in Rem: Estates, Trusts, Corporations .................................................. 1831

Notice: Service of Process .................................................................................... 1833

Power of the States to Regulate Procedure ............................................................... 1834

Generally ............................................................................................................... 1834

Commencement of Actions .................................................................................. 1835

Defenses ................................................................................................................ 1836

Costs, Damages, and Penalties ........................................................................... 1837

Statutes of Limitation .......................................................................................... 1838

Burden of Proof and Presumptions ..................................................................... 1840

Trials and Appeals ............................................................................................... 1844

Procedural Due Process: Criminal .................................................................................... 1844

Generally: The Principle of Fundamental Fairness ................................................. 1844

The Elements of Due Process ..................................................................................... 1846

Initiation of the Prosecution ................................................................................ 1846

Clarity in Criminal Statutes: The Void-for-Vagueness Doctrine ..................... 1846

Entrapment .......................................................................................................... 1851

Criminal Identification Process ........................................................................... 1852

Fair Trial .............................................................................................................. 1853

Prosecutorial Misconduct ..................................................................................... 1856

Proof, Burden of Proof, and Presumptions ......................................................... 1859

The Problem of the Incompetent or Insane Defendant or Convict .................. 1865

Guilty Pleas .......................................................................................................... 1866

Sentencing ............................................................................................................ 1868

Corrective Process: Appeals and Other Remedies ............................................. 1871

Rights of Prisoners ............................................................................................... 1873

Probation and Parole ........................................................................................... 1877

The Problem of the Juvenile Offender ............................................................... 1881

The Problem of Civil Commitment ..................................................................... 1884

Equal Protection of the Laws ............................................................................................ 1886

Scope and Application ................................................................................................. 1886

State Action .......................................................................................................... 1886

''Person"" ................................................................................................................. 1904

''Within Its Jurisdiction"" ...................................................................................... 1904

Equal Protection: Judging Classifications by Law ................................................... 1905

Traditional Standard: Restrained Review .......................................................... 1906

The New Standards: Active Review ................................................................... 1910

Testing Facially Neutral Classifications Which Impact on Minorities ................... 1916 Traditional Equal Protection: Economic Regulation and Related Exercises of the Po-

lice Powers ....................................................................................................................... 1922

Taxation .......................................................................................................................1922

Classification for Purpose of Taxation ................................................................ 1923

Foreign Corporations and Nonresidents ............................................................ 1925

Income Taxes ........................................................................................................ 1926

Inheritance Taxes ................................................................................................. 1927

Motor Vehicle Taxes ............................................................................................. 1927

Property Taxes ..................................................................................................... 1928

Special Assessment .............................................................................................. 1930

Police Power Regulation ............................................................................................. 1930

Classification ........................................................................................................ 1930

Other Business and Employment Relations ............................................................. 1935

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1668AMENDMENT 14-RIGHTS GUARANTEED

Section 1. Rights Guaranteed-Continued

Traditional Equal Protection: Economic Regulation and Related Exercises of the Po- lice Powers-Continued

Labor Relations .................................................................................................... 1935

Monopolies and Unfair Trade Practices ............................................................. 1936

Administrative Discretion ................................................................................... 1937

Social Welfare ....................................................................................................... 1937

Punishment of Crime ........................................................................................... 1939

Equal Protection and Race ................................................................................................ 1941

Overview ......................................................................................................................1941

Education .....................................................................................................................1942

Development and Application of ''Separate But Equal"" .................................... 1942

Brown v. Board of Education .............................................................................. 1943

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