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800 East 96th Street

Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA

Cisco Press

MPLS Fundamentals

Luc De Ghein, CCIE

No. 1897

ii

MPLS Fundamentals

Luc De Ghein

Copyright© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc.

Published by:

Cisco Press

800 East 96th Street

Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or

mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from

the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

First Printing November 2006

Library of Congress Number: 2004101984

ISBN: 1-58705-197-4

Warning and Disclaimer

This book is designed to provide information about Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS). Every effort has been made to make this

book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied.

The information is provided on an "as is" basis. The authors, Cisco Press, and Cisco Systems, Inc., shall have neither liability nor

responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book or from

the use of the discs or programs that may accompany it.

The opinions expressed in this book belong to the author and are not necessarily those of Cisco Systems, Inc.

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iii

Trademark Acknowledgments

All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Cisco Press

or Cisco Systems, Inc. cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting

the validity of any trademark or service mark. Publisher: Paul BogerTeam Coordinator: Vanessa Evans Cisco Representative:Anthony WolfendenBook Designer: Louisa Adair Cisco Press Program Manager: Jeff BradyCover Designer: Louisa Adair Executive Editor: Mary Beth RayComposition:Tolman Creek Managing Editor: Patrick KanouseIndexer:Tim Wright

Development Editor:Allison Beaumont Johnson

Project Editor: Seth Kerney

Copy Editor: Karen A. Gill

Technical Editors: Mohammad Miri, Ivan Pepelnjak, Hari Rakotoranto iv

About the Author

Luc De Ghein, CCIE No. 1897, is an escalation engineer for Cisco Systems in EMEA. Luc has been in the networking industry for 13 years and has been with Cisco for more than 11 years. He provides escalation support to Cisco engineers worldwide and teaches others about IP routing protocols and MPLS technologies. Luc has been a speaker at several Networkers conferences. During the past 7 years, Luc has specialized in the area of MPLS technologies. Before moving to his current position, Luc was a Technical Assistance Center (TAC) customer support engineer for two and a half years, specializing in routing. He has been an escalation engineer for routing and MPLS technologies for more than eight years. Since 1996, Luc has been a Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE). He is certified as both a Routing and Switching CCIE and as a Service Provider CCIE. v

About the Technical Reviewers

Mohammad Miri is currently employed by Alcatel NA. He has more than 14 years of experience in design and implementation of IP networks for Telecom and Mobile providers involving broadband, narrowband, and MPLS and traffic engineering applications over IP. He received his computer science degree in 1989. Ivan Pepelnjak, CCIE No. 1354, is a 25-year veteran of the networking industry. He has more than

10 years of experience in designing, installing, troubleshooting, and operating large service provider

and enterprise WAN and LAN networks and is currently chief technology advisor at NIL Data Communications focusing on advanced IP-based networks and web technologies. His books published by Cisco Press include EIGRP Network Design Solutions and MPLS and VPN

Architectures (volumes I and II).

Hari Rakotorantois currently product manager for GMPLS in ITD at Cisco Systems, Inc. He also works closely with service providers and interoperability bodies (ISOCORE and EANTC) in the field of MPLS on technology deployment and overseeing of future directions. Hari has worked as a software engineer and pre- and post-sales technical consultant on different technologies, including Layer 2/3 switches, routing protocols, network management, and UNIX kernel design. He is an active member of ITU-T SG13, focusing mainly on MPLS, MPLS OAM, and MPLS Management. vi

Dedication

This book is dedicated to my wife Ania, and to my sons Robbe and Lander. vii

Acknowledgments

I wish to acknowledge a few people who made this book possible. First, I wish to acknowledge my employer Cisco Systems for providing a great working and learning place. Second, I wish to express my gratitude to the technical reviewers, Mohammad Miri, Ivan Pepelnjak, and Hari Rakotoranto, for their feedback, guidance, suggestions, time, and effort in reviewing this book and ensuring its technical accuracy. Third, I"m grateful for the Cisco Press team-Jim Schachterle, Raina Han, Dayna Isley, Mary Beth Ray, Jill Batistick, Karen A. Gill, Seth Kerney, and Allison Johnson-for

their support in getting this book published and for their patience with me. Last, but not least, I"d

like to thank my family for their support and understanding. viii

Contents at a Glance

Introduction xxi

Part I Fundamentals of MPLS

2

Chapter 1 The Evolution of MPLS4

Chapter 2 MPLS Architecture24

Chapter 3 Forwarding Labeled Packets42

Chapter 4 Label Distribution Protocol66

Chapter 5 MPLS and ATM Architecture104

Chapter 6 Cisco Express Forwarding146

Part II Advanced MPLS Topics170

Chapter 7 MPLS VPN172

Chapter 8 MPLS Traffic Engineering248

Chapter 9 IPv6 over MPLS328

Chapter 10 Any Transport over MPLS382

Chapter 11 Virtual Private LAN Service434

Chapter 12 MPLS and Quality of Service456

Chapter 13 Troubleshooting MPLS Networks492

Chapter 14 MPLS Operation and Maintenance522

Chapter 15 The Future of MPLS578

Part III Appendixes586

Appendix A Answers to Chapter Review Questions588

Index 608

ix

Contents

Introduction xxi

Part I Fundamentals of MPLS 2

Chapter 1 The Evolution of MPLS 4

Definition of MPLS 5

Pre-MPLS Protocols 5

Benefits of MPLS 6

Bogus Benefit 6

The Use of One Unified Network Infrastructure 7

Better IP over ATM Integration 7

BGP-Free Core 8

Peer-to-Peer VPN Model Versus Overlay VPN Model 10

Overlay VPN Model 10

Peer-to-Peer VPN Model 12

Optimal Traffic Flow 16

Traffic Engineering 17

History of MPLS in Cisco IOS 19

Tag Switching to MPLS 19

MPLS Applications 21

Summary 21

Chapter Review Questions 22

Chapter 2 MPLS Architecture 24

Introducing MPLS Labels 25

Label Stacking 26

Encoding of MPLS 27

MPLS and the OSI Reference Model 28

Label Switch Router 29

Label Switched Path 29

Forwarding Equivalence Class 30

Label Distribution 32

Piggyback the Labels on an Existing IP Routing Protocol 33 Running a Separate Protocol for Label Distribution 33

Label Distribution with LDP 34

Label Forwarding Instance Base 35

MPLS Payload 36

MPLS Label Spaces 36

Different MPLS Modes 38

Label Distribution Modes 38

Label Retention Modes 38

LSP Control Modes 39

x

Summary 40

Chapter Review Questions 40

Chapter 3 Forwarding Labeled Packets 42

Forwarding of Labeled Packets 43

Label Operation 43

IP Lookup Versus Label Lookup 44

Load Balancing Labeled Packets 49

Unknown Label 51

Reserved Labels 51

Implicit NULL Label 51

Explicit NULL Label 53

Router Alert Label 53

OAM Alert Label 54

Unreserved Labels 54

TTL Behavior of Labeled Packets 55

TTL Behavior in the Case of IP-to-Label or Label-to-IP 55

TTL Behavior in the Case of Label-to-Label 56

TTL Expiration 57

MPLS MTU 59

MPLS MTU Command 60

Giant and Baby Giant Frames 60

Giant Frames on Switches 61

MPLS Maximum Receive Unit 62

Fragmentation of MPLS Packets 63

Path MTU Discovery 63

Summary 64

Chapter Review Questions 64

Chapter 4 Label Distribution Protocol 66

LDP Overview 68

LDP Operation 69

The Discovery of LSRs That Are Running LDP 69

LDP Session Establishment and Maintenance 73

Number of LDP Sessions 76

Advertising of Label Mappings 77

Label Withdrawing

81

Housekeeping by Means of Notification 83

Targeted LDP Session 84

LDP Authentication 86

Controlling the Advertisement of Labels via LDP 87

MPLS LDP Inbound Label Binding Filtering 90

LDP Autoconfiguration 92

MPLS LDP-IGP Synchronization 93

xi

How MPLS LDP-IGP Synchronization Works 95

MPLS LDP-IGP Synchronization Configuration 95

MPLS LDP Session Protection 100

Summary 103

Chapter Review Questions 103

Chapter 5 MPLS and ATM Architecture 104

Brief Introduction to ATM 106

Label Encoding 110

Label Advertisement 111

Downstream-on-Demand Label Advertisement 116

LDP Control Mode for ATM 122

LDP for LC-ATM 124

Label Space 124

Loop Detection by LDP 125

Loop Detection by Hop Count TLV 125

TTL Manipulation 127

Loop Detection by Path Vector TLV 129

LDP Address Messages 130

Blocking Label Requests 130

Aggregate Labels 131

VC-Merge 132

Non MPLS-Aware ATM Switches 135

Label Switch Controller 138

Multi-Virtual Circuit Tagged Bit Rate 139

MPLS CoS 142

Frame Mode ATM 143

Reducing the Number of LVCs 144

Summary 145

Chapter Review Questions 145

Chapter 6 Cisco Express Forwarding 146

Overview of Cisco IOS Switching Methods 147

Process Switching 148

Fast Switching 148

CEF Switching 149

Why Is CEF Needed in MPLS Networks? 149

What Are the Components of CEF? 150

The Adjacency Table 151

The CEF Table 152

Operation of CEF 153

Distributed CEF (DCEF) 154

CEF Switching Packets in Hardware 155

xii

Load Balancing in CEF 156

Unequal Cost Load Balancing 159

Labeling IP Packets by CEF 161

Load Balancing Labeled Packets 163

Troubleshooting CEF 164

Summary 167

Chapter Review Questions 168

Part II Advanced MPLS Topics 170

Chapter 7 MPLS VPN 172

Introduction to MPLS VPN 173

Definition of a VPN 173

VPN Models 174

MPLS VPN Model 174

Architectural Overview of MPLS VPN 176

Virtual Routing Forwarding 176

RD 179

RTs 180

VPNv4 Route Propagation in the MPLS VPN Network 185

Packet Forwarding in an MPLS VPN Network 187

BGP 188

BGP Multiprotocol Extensions and Capabilities 189

BGP Extended Community: RT 192

VPNv4 Routes 193

BGP Carrying the Label 194

RRs 197

RR Group 198

BGP Route Selection 200

BGP Multipath 200

Using Multiple RDs 203

Packet Forwarding 204

PE-CE Routing Protocols 207

Connected Routes 207

Static Routing 208

RIP Version 2 208

OSPF 209

OSPF VRF Configuration 211

OSPF Metric Propagation 213

BGP Extended Communities for OSPF 214

OSPF Network Design 215

Sham Link 216

Down Bit and Domain Tag 219

EIGRP 220

Configuration 222

xiii

Pre-Bestpath POI 223

EIGRP PE-CE with Backdoor Links 225

IS-IS 226

eBGP 230

Autonomous System Override 231

allowas-in 232

Hub-and-Spoke 233

SOO 235

VRF Access 237

Internet Access 237

Internet in a VPN 237

Internet Access Through the Global Routing Table 238 Internet Access Through the Global Routing Table with Static Routes 239 Internet Access Through a Central VRF Site 240

Multi-VRF CE 241

OSPF VRF-Lite Command 243

CE Management 243

Summary 246

Chapter Review Questions 246

Chapter 8 MPLS Traffic Engineering 248

The Need for MPLS TE 249

Overview of the Operation of MPLS TE 252

Distribution of TE Information 255

Requirements for the IGP 255

OSPF Extensions for TE 256

IS-IS Extensions for TE 261

Flooding by the IGP 264

Routing and Cost of a TE LSP 266

Link TE Attributes 266

Maximum Reservable Bandwidth 267

Attribute Flags 267

TE Metric 267

Shared Risk Link Groups 268

Maximum Reservable Sub-Pool Bandwidth 268

MPLS TE Tunnel (Trunk) Attributes 268

TE Tunnel Path Calculation 269

Path Setup Option 269

IP Explicit Address Exclusion 272

Setup and Holding Priority 273

Reoptimization 274

Periodic Reoptimization 274

Event-Driven Reoptimization 275

Manual Reoptimization 275

xiv

Dual TE Metrics 275

PCALC 279

RSVP 279

RSVP and Labels 280

Record Route Object 282

Other Information Carried by RSVP 284

Putting It All Together 285

Shared Explicit Style 288

RSVP Messages 289

PathTear 289

ResvTear 289

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