AJAX • Asynchronous JavaScript + XML • Not tied to XML despite the name • Allows for CORS defines how browsers and servers can work together to share
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What is AJAX? • “Asynchronous JavaScript And XML” • Making background HTTP requests using JavaScript • Handling the response of those HTTP requests
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AJAX • Asynchronous JavaScript + XML • Not tied to XML despite the name • Allows for CORS defines how browsers and servers can work together to share
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data interchange format: XML or JSON (JavaScript Object Nota6on) PHP: it communicates with FLASH /AJAX widgets and with the database Let's say you have an image gallery and want to fetch a bunch of images then save them locally
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Client-Side Web TechnologiesAsynchronous JavaScript
JSON•JavaScript Object Notation•Based on JavaScript syntax but not tied to JavaScript•Can be used in all sorts of languages•Data format for structured data•No functions, etc.•More compact than XML
JSON (continued)•ECMAScript5 formalizes JSON parsing natively via the JSON type•JSON.stringify•JSON.parse•See JSONexample
AJAX•Asynchronous JavaScript + XML•Not tied to XML despite the name•Allows for asynchronous sending and receiving of data between browser and web server without a page "refresh"•Accomplished via the XMLHttpRequestobject•https://xhr.spec.whatwg.org/
CORS•Cross-Origin Resource Sharing•http://www.w3.org/TR/cors/•https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Access_control_CORS•Historically XHR objects have had limitations on being able to only access resources on the same domain as the originating web page•There are legitimate use cases for cross-origin XHR requests•My AJAX example code for example•CORS defines how browsers and servers can work together to share resources across domains
CORS (continued)•Accomplished via HTTP headers and some restrictions on what browsers and servers can do•Some important headers•Access-Control-Allow-Origin•Origin•See AJAXexamples
Promises•A promise represents an operation that is expected to be completed in the future•Alternative to callbacks for asynchronous code•Helps avoid "callback hell"•https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise•https://leanpub.com/understandinges6/read#leanpub-auto-promises•http://exploringjs.com/es6/ch_promises.html•See Promises example
Fetch API•Similar to XMLHttpRequest(AJAX)•Cleaner API •Uses Promises •https://developers.google.com/web/updates/2015/03/introduction-to-fetch•https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Fetch_API•See Fetch example
Server-Sent Events (SSE)•Creates an HTTP connection by which the server can repeatedly send information to the browser•Eliminates need for browser to poll the server•Read only (only server can push data)•No IE support or Edge support•Specification and tutorial:•http://www.w3.org/TR/eventsource/•https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events
Web Sockets•Provides full-duplex, bidirectional communication between browser and web server•Not HTTP•API Specification:•https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/comms.html#network•Protocol:•http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6455•Tutorials:•https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/WebSockets
SSE Versus Web Sockets•Server-Sent Events•Uses HTTP•Read-only•Web Sockets•Not HTTP so requires server configuration and supporting software•Bidirectional
SSE and Web Sockets Examples•Server-Sent Events•http://54.175.170.45/ServerSentEvents.html•Uses PHP on backend•Web Sockets•http://54.175.170.45/WebSockets.html•Uses PHP on backend•Uses Ratchet PHP WebSocketlibrary•Tutorial for Java EE:•http://www.oracle.com/webfolder/technetwork/tutorials/obe/java/HomeWebsocket/WebsocketHome.html
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