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Carbonyl groups in aldehydes and ketones may be oxidized to form compounds at the next “oxidation level”, that of carboxylic acids Addition of water to an aldehyde or ketone gives a product called a hydrate or a gem-diol (two -OH groups on the same carbon) The reaction is both acid-catalyzed and base-catalyzed

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describe the uses of aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids Objectives Carbonyl compounds are of utmost importance to organic chemistry They are

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The transformation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids is an important reaction in organic synthesis Even if a large number of methods is available to effect this

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2013 Carboxylic acid reductase is a versatile enzyme for the conversion of fatty acids into fuels and chemical commodities Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110: