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1

ANATOMY for Sport &

Exercise Science

Unit 1

1.1 The Skeletal System

Name :

2

UNIT SPECIFICATION

Skeletal System

- Bones

Anatomical Language

of reference)

Long Bone anatomy

Bony landmarks

Process of bone growth &

ossification

Skeletal bones

܆Phalanges ܆

crest) thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx, curves of the spine)܈

Types of bones

Skeletal system function

3

Skeletal System

- Joints

Ligaments

Joints

Types of synovial joint

Synovial Structure

Range of movement at joints

Muscular System

Types of muscles tissue

involuntary).

Types of muscle fibres

Skeletal muscle anatomy

Neuromuscular junction

Sliding filament theory

܆Z line ܆

Types of muscle contraction

Muscle fibre recruitment

intensity of exercise

Muscles

medial) rotators 4 medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius) gluteaus medius, gluteaus minimus) semitendinosus, semimembranosus)

Antagonist muscle pairs

Movement Analysis

Types of

movement flexion, shoulder flexion, plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, lateral flexion) horizontal extension, hip extension, shoulder extension)

܆Adduction ܆

Planes of movement

Phases appropriate to the movement

Body sections for analysis

Bones involved in the movement

Muscles involved in movement

(muscle action)

܆Role / function of synergist muscles ܆

Joints involved in movement

each joint.

Types of movements

Planes of movement

Movement efficiency

joints and mobility at other joints segments force 5

Functions of the Skeleton

Types of Bone

Type Structure Function Examples

6 Bone (Endochondral) Formation, Growth & Re-modelling

What does endochondral mean?

What does osteogenesis mean?

Describe the process of bone growth. Use the diagram below and table provided. Ensure you use and understand the following terminology in your answer:

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes Minerals (calcium)

Epiphysis Diaphysis Bone re-modelling

Osteoclasts Vitamin D Growth plates

Figure 1 - Process of Endochondral Osteogenesis

7

Process of Osteogenesis

(Bone Growth & re-modelling)

Stage Description

A B C D E 8

Long Bone Anatomy

9

Long Bone Anatomy

Long Bone Anatomy Description

Periosteum

Bone minerals

Bone marrow

Epiphysis

Growth plates

Diaphysis

Cancellous bone

Compact bone

Articular cartilage

Ligaments

10

Axial Skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

11

Writing Style Activity

Compare & contrast the structure and function of different types of bones. Task Part 1: Annotate the sample paragraph below to recognise HOW it is constructed. What makes it effective?

There are several hundred bones in

our body and they are structured differently to suit the different functions they have.

Bones such as the cranium, pelvis

(ilium and ischium) and sternum are called 'flat bones'. The relative flat surfaces provide a protective cover for important internal organs, such as the brain, reproductive and urinary organs and the lungs / heart. Whilst a vertebra is an example of an 'irregular' types of bone, it is similar in that it does also function to protect the spinal cord a nd the holes through each vertebrae allow the nerve cord to run safely down the spine.

Sesamoid bones, such as the patella

(kneecap), also provide a protective role. It sits in the patellar tendon and protects knee joint as it moves. 12

Writing Style Activity

Compare & contrast the structure and function of different types of bones. Task Part 2: Now write a paragraph yourself in the box, thinking about the things discussed.

PEER Annotations

13

Animated Bones: Question Sheet

Slide 1

a. State the bone name. b. What type of bone is it? c. State a bone at each end that it articulates with.

Slide 2

a. State the bone name. b. What type of bone is it? c. State a bone at each end that it articulates with.

Slide 3

a. State the bones names. b. What type of bone is it? c. How are they different from the other vertebral bones?

Slide 4

a. State the collective bone name. b. What type of bone is it? c. What are 2 bones' names shown?

Slide 5

a. State the bones names. b. What type of bone is it? c. What is their main function?

Slide 6

a. State the bone name. b. What type of bone is it? c. What bone does it articulate with to make a pivot joint?

Slide 7

a. State the bone name. b. What type of bone is it? c. What role does it have?

Slide 8

a. State the bone name. b. What type of bone is it? c. What role does it have?

Slide 9

a. State the bone name. b. What type of bone is it? c. State 2 functions of long bones.

Slide 10

a. State the bone name. b. What type of bone is it? c. Why does it combine with the scapula to form? 14

Classification of Joints

Make detailed notes about the THREE different classifications of joints. Give examples.

Consider :

Structure Function Range of movement Stability 15

Anatomy of a Typical Synovial Joint

Structures Structure - what is it like? Function - What job does it do?

Ligament

Synovial

Membrane

Synovial

Fluid

Articular

Cartilage

Joint

Capsule

Menisci

Tendon

Pad of Fat

Bursae

Draw and

label a simple diagram of a typical synovial joint. 16

Types of Movement at Joints

Could you demonstrate and define the following joint movements?

Do you know where these can occur?

Flexion

Abduction

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