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Mobile Policy

Handbook

An insider's guide to the issues

2

About the GSMA

Do you have

the knowledge?

Can you take a position?

Will you lead the debate?

The GSMA is a global organisation unifying

the mobile ecosystem to discover, develop and deliver innovation foundational to positive business environments and societal change. Our vision is to unlock the full power of connectivity so that people, industry and society thrive. Representing mobile operators and organisations across the mobile ecosystem and adjacent industries, the GSMA delivers for its members across three broad pillars: Connectivity for Good,

Industry Services and Solutions and

Outreach. This activity includes advancing

policy, tackling today"s biggest societal challenges, underpinning the technology and interoperability that make mobile work and providing the world"s largest platform to convene the mobile ecosystem at the

MWC and M360 series of events.

We invite you to nd out more at

www.gsma.com

Follow the GSMA on Twitter:

@GSMA 3

Ever since the introduction of the rst

digital cellular services for commercial use in the 1990s, mobile networks have spread, evolved and changed our world.

Massive infrastructure investment and

competition among mobile operators, supported by enabling policies and regulation, have led to continual improvements in network speed and quality and have extended the reach of mobile services to the most remote rural communities.

The GSMA believes that a country"s citizens

benet most when the private and public sectors work together in a spirit of openness and trust, and that policymakers and regulators create the conditions to attract telecoms investment, encourage innovation and strengthen digital trust. This is why we are committed to supporting governments and regulators in their eorts to introduce pro-investment telecommunications policies.

The Mobile Policy Handbook: An Insider's

Guide to the Issues

is an eort by the GSMA to promote this collaboration. A unique resource that assembles a range of policy topics and mobile industry positions and initiatives under one cover, the handbook

About this handbook

is a signpost for regulatory best practice.

As the global trade association of mobile

operators, the GSMA conducts and commissions research on policy trends and challenges in the fast-moving mobile communications market. This handbook draws on the unique insight of the GSMA into the mobile sector and presents it in a practical way for those who want to explore the issues and unleash the value of mobile technology in their own market.

In this eighth edition of the

Mobile Policy

Handbook

, new policy topics and industry positions have been introduced, covering areas such as 5G and spectrum sharing.

Throughout the handbook, the content has

been refreshed with up-to-date statistics, new resources and industry insights.

The online version of this resource

- www.gsma.com/publicpolicy/ mobilepolicyhandbook - oers an always up-to-date catalogue of the policy positions of the mobile industry.

We encourage you to contact the

GSMA with any questions or requests

for more information. Email us at handbook@gsma.com.

The world has pivoted towards digital

technologies to enable seamless communication, connection, commerce and internet-enabled services and solutions.

These technologies have indelibly changed

the way businesses operate and people live, work and play.

Mobile networks are at the heart of this digital

transformation. They are the primary channel through which people communicate and access online applications and the internet.

However, the industry itself is going through

a transformation as it looks to a future opened up by fth-generation, or 5G, mobile networks. 4

World-changing trends

5G is appearing in cities rst, where mobile

data volumes are growing fastest and mobile operators can secure a return on investment.

It is coexisting seamlessly with earlier mobile

generations, and will connect citizens to the mobile internet for years to come.

Many countries are now home to their rst

commercial 5G network deployments.

This is important because the digital economy

needs 5G to respond to booming demand for mobile data, enable a massive Internet of Things (IoT) and support an array of services that require fast, dependable and low-latency connectivity.

Governments have embraced the vision of

5G as a catalyst for economic growth and

life-changing services. However, signicant new investment will be needed to fund equipment costs, spectrum access licences and regulatory expenses. Governments and regulatory authorities will play a crucial role in enabling ecient and timely deployment of next-generation mobile networks while also bringing down costs for mobile operators.

5G networks will be at the core of this next-

generation digital economy and society, and supportive policy and regulations are needed to make it a reality. We hope this handbook will serve as a compass to navigate the policy and regulatory challenges that lie ahead. 5 6 #BetterFuture

Mobile for DevelopmentGSMA Capacity BuildingMobile initiativesBusiness environmentThe evolution of spectrumConsumer protection

#BetterFuture 10

Mobile for Development

12

Introduction

12

Digital inclusion

14

Mobile for Humanitarian Innovation (M4H)

16

Mobile Money

18

GSMA Capacity Building

20

Mobile initiatives

24

Future Networks

27

Introduction 27

5G: reaping the benets 28

IP communication services 30

Voice over LTE 32

Internet of Things (IoT)

33

Introduction 33

Advanced air mobility 34

Connected vehicles 36

Privacy and data protection for IoT 38

Smart cities and IoT 40

Identity

42

Introduction 42

Mobile Connect 44

AI for Impact

46

Climate Action

46

Business environment

48

Introduction

48

Policies for progress

50

Community networks

52

Contents

Competition 54

Deeper dive: Competition in digital markets 56

Deeper dive: Recommendations for resetting

competition policy frameworks 57

Ecient mobile market structures

58

Deeper dive: The dynamic benefits of mergers 60

Infrastructure sharing

62

Deeper dive: Types of infrastructure sharing 64

Intellectual property rights: patents

66

International mobile roaming

68

Mobile termination rates

70

Net neutrality

72

Deeper dive: Tra?c management 74

Passive infrastructure providers

76

Quality of service

78

Deeper dive: A network of interconnections 80

Single wholesale networks

82

Deeper dive: The risks of SWNs 84

Taxation

86

Deeper dive: Taxes and fees on mobile

consumers and operators 88

Universal service funds

90

Public-private partnerships

92

The evolution of spectrum: to 2030 and beyond

94

Introduction

94

Spectrum needs

96

Planning spectrum: 2025-2030

98

Spectrum harmonisation

100

Deeper dive: World Radiocommunication

Conference 2023 (WRC-23)

102

Coexistence of technologies

104

Spectrum licensing

106

Spectrum licence renewal

108

Spectrum sharing, leasing and trading

110

Technology neutrality

112

Spectrum assignment

114

Spectrum pricing

118

Spectrum for industries

120

Wireless backhaul spectrum

124
#BetterFuture

Mobile for DevelopmentGSMA Capacity BuildingMobile initiativesBusiness environmentThe evolution of spectrumConsumer protection

Consumer protection

126

Introduction

126

Cybersecurity

128

Children and mobile technology

130

Deeper dive: Collaboration in action 132

Cross-border data ows

134

Deeper dive: National data privacy regimes 136

Deeper dive: Localisation rules 136

Data privacy

138

Deeper dive: Smart data privacy practices

and regulation 140

Deeper dive: GSMA Mobile Privacy Principles 141

Privacy and big data

142

Electromagnetic ?elds and health

144
Deeper dive: Health authorities on the science 146

Deeper dive: Advanced antenna technologies 147

Deeper dive: A global look at mobile network

exposure limits 148

Illegal content

150

Deeper dive: Mobile Alliance Against Child

Sexual Abuse Content

152

Internet governance

154

Mandated government access

156

Deeper dive: Trending towards transparency 158

Case study: National regulatory approaches to

government access 160

Mandated service restriction orders

162

Mandatory registration of prepaid SIMs

164

Misinformation and disinformation

166

Mobile devices: counterfeit

168

Mobile devices: theft

170

Mobile network and device security

172

Number resource misuse and fraud

174

Signal inhibitors (jammers)

176

Appendix

178
10

The mobile industry is united behind a

common purpose to intelligently connect everyone and everything to a better future.

Mobile connectivity is transforming the lives

of billions of people around the world and is at the heart of solutions that will tackle some of society"s greatest challenges. Innovative and emerging mobile solutions, big data, articial intelligence (AI) and 5G can all be leveraged as a force for good.

Today, understanding and responding to

social, environmental and ethical issues are widely understood as being good for business, and the mobile industry strives to advance responsible, sustainable and trusted leadership.

Underpinning this vision is the industry"s

commitment to the Sustainable Development

Goals (SDGs). Every year, the sector reports

its collective progress in the

GSMA Mobile

Industry SDG Impact Report

and shares policy actions needed to achieve the 2030 Agenda.

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, digital

technologies have played a vital role in enabling social and economic activities to continue. People around the world have relied on the internet to stay connected to friends and family, access education and health services and work remotely. This underscores the importance of connectivity in our daily lives and the value of mobile networks, which remain the only form of internet access for many. Mobile operators in every region have been proactive during the pandemic, reaching out to their customers and working with public authorities and third parties to provide a range of essential services and support the communities in which they operate.

Closing the digital divide is a priority for

the industry. When people are connected, equality, prosperity and well-being follow.

Countries with high levels of mobile

connectivity have made the most progress in meeting their SDG commitments. Mobile operators are continuing to deploy, extend and upgrade networks, and the number of people with no 3G or 4G network coverage has dropped to fewer than 450 million worldwide. Still, 3.8 billion people have been left behind. Even if they have mobile coverage, they are not reaping the benets, whether because of a lack of digital skills, nancial resources or locally adapted services.

With more than 5.2 billion people using

a mobile phone in 2020, 13.1 billion IoT connections 1 and $900 billion in capital expenditure for 2021-2025 (80 per cent of which will be for 5G), the mobile industry has shown it has the power and the scale to make a meaningful dierence to economies and societies. #BetterFuture

Resources:

The GSMA 2021 Mobile Industry Impact Report: SDGs

The GSMA Sustainability Assessment Framework 2021

1. GSMA. (2021).

The Mobile Economy 2021.

Mobile for DevelopmentGSMA Capacity BuildingMobile initiativesBusiness environmentThe evolution of spectrumConsumer protection

#BetterFuture 11 12

The transformative power of mobile is

most apparent in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where it is typically the most widespread technology and supported with far-reaching infrastructure. This puts the mobile industry in a unique position to connect people with essential services.

Mobile for Development (M4D) is a dedicated

global team within the GSMA that brings together our mobile operator members, tech innovators, the development community and governments. Singularly positioned at the intersection of the mobile ecosystem and the development sector, the M4D team stimulates digital innovation to deliver both sustainable business and large-scale socio-economic and climate impact for the underserved.

The team identies opportunities and

provides support for innovations in digital inclusion, nancial inclusion, gender equality, agriculture, essential urban services, humanitarian response and climate resilience and adaptation.

A key part of the M4D strategy is taking

advantage of the synergies between these areas to amplify their impact. For example, identifying ways to use mobile money payments and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication to improve access to energy, clean water and sanitation while, at the same time, working in a variety of contexts to make digital services accessible and helpful for populations otherwise at risk of being left behind, particularly women and persons with disabilities.

Mobile for

Development

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