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Cascading Style Sheets, level 2 revision 1
CSS 2.1 Specification
W3C Working Draft 13 June 2005
This version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/2005/WD-CSS21-20050613 [p. ??]
Latest version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21 [p. ??]
Previous version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/CR-CSS21-20040225 [p. ??]
Editors:
Bert Bos [p. ??]
Tantek Çelik [p. ??]
Ian Hickson [p. ??]
Håkon Wium Lie [p. ??]
This document is also available in these non-normative formats: plain text [p. ??] , gzip'ed tar file [p. ??] , zip file [p. ??] , gzip'ed PostScript [p. ??] , PDF [p. ??] . See also translations [p. ??] .
Copyright [p. ??] © 2005 W3C [p. ??]
® (MIT [p. ??] , European Research Consor-
tium for Informatics and MathematicsERCIM [p. ??] , Keio [p. ??] ), All Rights
Reserved.
Abstract
This specification defines Cascading Style Sheets, level 2 revision 1 (CSS 2.1). CSS 2.1 is a style sheet language that allows authors and users to attach style (e.g., fonts and spacing) to structured documents (e.g., HTML documents and XML appli- cations). By separating the presentation style of documents from the content of documents, CSS 2.1 simplifies Web authoring and site maintenance. CSS 2.1 builds on CSS2 [CSS2] which builds on CSS1 [CSS1]. It supports media-specific style sheets so that authors may tailor the presentation of their docu- ments to visual browsers, aural devices, printers, braille devices, handheld devices, etc. It also supports content positioning, table layout, features for internationalization and some properties related to user interface.
8 Jun 2005 12:511 Cascading Style Sheets, level 2 revision 1
CSS 2.1 corrects a few errors in CSS2 (the most important being a new definition of the height/width of absolutely positioned elements, more influence for HTML's "style" attribute and a new calculation of the 'clip' property), and adds a few highly requested features which have already been widely implemented. But most of all CSS 2.1 represents a "snapshot" of CSS usage: it consists of all CSS features that are implemented interoperably at the date of publication of the Recommendation. CSS 2.1 is derived from and is intended to replace CSS2. Some parts of CSS2 are unchanged in CSS 2.1, some parts have been altered, and some parts removed. The removed portions may be used in a future CSS3 specification. Implementations may refer to CSS2 for the definitions of features that have been removed, but for other features CSS 2.1 is the normative reference.
Status of this document
This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede it. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/ [p. ??] . This is a "Last Call" Working Draft. The deadline for comments is 15 July 2005. The (archived [p. ??] ) public mailing list www-style@w3.org [p. ??] (see instruc- tions [p. ??] ) is preferred for discussion of this and other specifications in the Style area. When commenting on this document, please put the text "CSS21" in the subject, preferably like this: "[CSS21]
" Publication as a Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C Member- ship. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress. A test suite and a report on implementations will be provided before the document becomes a Proposed Recommendation. This document is produced by the CSS working group [p. ??] (part of the Style Activity [p. ??] , see summary [p. ??] ).
This document was produced under the 24 January 2002 CPP [p. ??] as amended by the W3C Patent Policy Transition Procedure [p. ??] . The Working Group main- tains a public list of patent disclosures [p. ??] relevant to this document; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowl- edge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) with respect to this specification should disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy [p. ??] . Candidate Recommendation Exit Criteria
For this specification to exit the CR stage, the following conditions must be met: 2 8 Jun 2005 12:51 Cascading Style Sheets, level 2 revision 1
1. There must be at least two interoperable implementations for every feature. For
the purposes of this criterion, we define the following terms: feature A section or subsection of the specification.
interoperable passing the respective test cases in the test suite, or, if the implementa- tion is not a web browser, equivalent tests. Every relevant test in the test suite should have an equivalent test created if such a UA is to be used to claim interoperability. In addition if such a UA is to be used to claim interop- erability, then there must one or more additional UAs which can also pass those equivalent tests in the same way for the purpose of interoperability. The equivalent tests must be made publicly available for the purposes of peer review. implementation a user agent which: 1. implements the feature.
2. is available (i.e. publicly downloadable or available through some other
public point of sale mechanism). This is the "show me" requirement. 3. is shipping (i.e. development, private or unofficial versions are insuffi-
cient). 4. is not experimental (i.e. is intended for a wide audience and could be
used on a daily basis). 2. A minimum of six months of the CR period must have elapsed. This is to ensure
that enough time is given for any remaining major errors to be caught. 3. The CR period will be extended if implementations are slow to appear.
4. Features that were not in CSS1 will be dropped (thus reducing the list of "all"
features mentioned above) if two or more interoperable implementations of those features are not found by the end of the CR period. 5. Features will also be dropped if sufficient and adequate tests (by judgment of
the working group) have not been produced for those features by the end of the CR period.
Features at risk
The working group has identified the following features as being currently poorly implemented by UAs. They are therefore most at risk of being removed from CSS 2.1 when exiting CR. (Any changes of this nature will still result in the specifica- tion being returned to last call.) Implementors are urged to implement these features, or correct bugs in their implementations, if they wish to see thsse features remain in this specification. 8 Jun 2005 12:513 Cascading Style Sheets, level 2 revision 1
New 'list-style-type' values
'armenian' 'georgian' 'lower-greek' Implementors should look at CSS3 Lists instead, where these and many other new values not found in CSS1 are defined in detail. [CSS3LIST] Support for multiple ID attributes for the ID selector Because implementations are not expected to support multiple IDs per element soon, this feature may be made informative. The W3C Selectors speci- fication will continue to have this feature normatively. (Section 5.8.4. [p. 74] ) Automatic table layout algorithm
The input to the suggested (non-normative) automatic layout algorithm for tables is restricted to (1) the containing block width and (2) the content and properties of the table and its children. This restriction may be lifted. Quotes
The 'quotes' property and the 'open-quote', 'close-quote', 'no-open-quote' and 'no-close-quote' keywords may be dropped. 4 8 Jun 2005 12:51 Cascading Style Sheets, level 2 revision 1
Quick Table of Contents
...........171 About the CSS 2.1 Specification .............252 Introduction to CSS 2.1 ...... 333 Conformance: Requirements and Recommendations ............394 Syntax and basic data types .................655 Selectors ...... 876 Assigning property values, Cascading, and Inheritance ................957 Media types ................998 Box model .............1159 Visual formatting model ...........15510 Visual formatting model details ...............17711 Visual effects ...... 18512 Generated content, automatic numbering, and lists ...............20313 Paged media .............21314 Colors and Backgrounds .................22115 Fonts ..................23316 Text .................24317 Tables ...............26918 User interface ............283Appendix A. Aural style sheets .............333Appendix B. Bibliography ..............305Appendix C. Changes ........ 303Appendix D. Default style sheet for HTML 4.0 ...... 277Appendix E. Elaborate description of Stacking Contexts ............337Appendix F. Full property table ...........327Appendix G. Grammar of CSS 2.1 ...............345Appendix I. Index 8 Jun 2005 12:515 Cascading Style Sheets, level 2 revision 1
Full Table of Contents
...........171 About the CSS 2.1 Specification .............171.1 CSS 2.1 vs CSS 2 ...........181.2 Reading the specification ......... 181.3 How the specification is organized ..............191.4 Conventions ..... 191.4.1 Document language elements and attributes .......... 191.4.2 CSS property definitions .............191.4.2.1 Value .............211.4.2.2 Initial ............211.4.2.3 Applies to ............211.4.2.4 Inherited .......... 211.4.2.5 Percentage values ...........211.4.2.6 Media groups .......... 211.4.2.7 Computed value ...........211.4.3 Shorthand properties ...........221.4.4 Notes and examples ......... 221.4.5 Images and long descriptions .............221.5 Acknowledgments .............231.6 Copyright Notice .............252 Introduction to CSS 2.1 ......... 252.1 A brief CSS 2.1 tutorial for HTML .......... 282.2 A brief CSS 2.1 tutorial for XML .......... 292.3 The CSS 2.1 processing model .............302.3.1 The canvas ......... 302.3.2 CSS 2.1 addressing model ............312.4 CSS design principles ...... 333 Conformance: Requirements and Recommendations ...............333.1 Definitions ..............373.2 Conformance ..............383.3 Error conditions ...........383.4 The text/css content type ............394 Syntax and basic data types ................394.1 Syntax .............394.1.1 Tokenization .............434.1.2 Keywords ........ 434.1.2.1 Vendor-specific extensions ........ 444.1.2.2 Informative Historical Notes ...........444.1.3 Characters and case .............454.1.4 Statements ..............454.1.5 At-rules ..............464.1.6 Blocks 6 8 Jun 2005 12:51 Cascading Style Sheets, level 2 revision 1
..... 474.1.7 Rule sets, declaration blocks, and selectors ......... 474.1.8 Declarations and properties .............494.1.9 Comments ......... 494.2 Rules for handling parsing errors ................514.3 Values ......... 514.3.1 Integers and real numbers ..............514.3.2 Lengths .............544.3.3 Percentages ...........554.3.4 URL + URN = URI ..............564.3.5 Counters ..............564.3.6 Colors ..............584.3.7 Strings ...........584.3.8 Unsupported Values .......... 594.4 CSS style sheet representation 624.4.1 Referring to characters not represented in a character encoding
.................655 Selectors .............655.1 Pattern matching ..............675.2 Selector syntax ..............675.2.1 Grouping .............685.3 Universal selector ..............685.4 Type selectors ............685.5 Descendant selectors ..............695.6 Child selectors ...........695.7 Adjacent sibling selectors .............705.8 Attribute selectors ...... 705.8.1 Matching attributes and attribute values ........ 725.8.2 Default attribute values in DTDs ............725.8.3 Class selectors ...............745.9 ID selectors ........ 755.10 Pseudo-elements and pseudo-classes .............765.11 Pseudo-classes .......... 765.11.1 :first-child pseudo-class ..... 775.11.2 The link pseudo-classes: :link and :visited .. 775.11.3 The dynamic pseudo-classes: :hover, :active, and :focus ....... 795.11.4 The language pseudo-class: :lang .............805.12 Pseudo-elements ........ 805.12.1 The :first-line pseudo-element ........ 825.12.2 The :first-letter pseudo-element ...... 855.12.3 The :before and :after pseudo-elements ...... 876 Assigning property values, Cascading, and Inheritance ........ 876.1 Specified, computed, and actual values ............876.1.1 Specified values ............886.1.2 Computed values 8 Jun 2005 12:517 Cascading Style Sheets, level 2 revision 1
.............886.1.3 Used values .............886.1.4 Actual values ...............886.2 Inheritance ............896.2.1 The 'inherit' value .............906.3 The @import rule ..............906.4 The cascade ............916.4.1 Cascading order ............916.4.2 !important rules ........ 926.4.3 Calculating a selector's specificity ..... 936.4.4 Precedence of non-CSS presentational hints ................957 Media types ...........957.1 Introduction to media types ....... 957.2 Specifying media-dependent style sheets ............967.2.1 The @media rule ...........967.3 Recognized media types .............977.3.1 Media groups ................998 Box model ..............998.1 Box dimensions ....... 1018.2 Example of margins, padding, and borders 8.3 Margin properties: 'margin-top', 'margin-right', 'margin-bottom',
............103'margin-left', and 'margin' ...........1058.3.1 Collapsing margins 8.4 Padding properties: 'padding-top', 'padding-right', 'padding-bottom',
............106'padding-left', and 'padding' .............1088.5 Border properties 8.5.1 Border width: 'border-top-width', 'border-right-width',
... 108'border-bottom-width', 'border-left-width', and 'border-width' 8.5.2 Border color: 'border-top-color', 'border-right-color',
... 109'border-bottom-color', 'border-left-color', and 'border-color' 8.5.3 Border style: 'border-top-style', 'border-right-style',
... 110'border-bottom-style', 'border-left-style', and 'border-style' 8.5.4 Border shorthand properties: 'border-top', 'border-right',
....... 112'border-bottom', 'border-left', and 'border' .... 1138.6 The box model for inline elements in bidirection context .............1159 Visual formatting model ....... 1159.1 Introduction to the visual formatting model .............1169.1.1 The viewport ............1169.1.2 Containing blocks ...........1179.2 Controlling box generation ....... 1179.2.1 Block-level elements and block boxes ........ 1179.2.1.1 Anonymous block boxes ....... 1199.2.2 Inline-level elements and inline boxes ........ 1199.2.2.1 Anonymous inline boxes .............1209.2.3 Run-in boxes 8 8 Jun 2005 12:51 Cascading Style Sheets, level 2 revision 1
...........1209.2.4 The 'display' property ............1229.3 Positioning schemes .... 1229.3.1 Choosing a positioning scheme: 'position' property ....... 1249.3.2 Box offsets: 'top', 'right', 'bottom', 'left' ...............1269.4 Normal flow .......... 1269.4.1 Block formatting contexts .......... 1269.4.2 Inline formatting context ...........1299.4.3 Relative positioning ................1309.5 Floats ...... 1349.5.1 Positioning the float: the 'float' property .... 1359.5.2 Controlling flow next to floats: the 'clear' property .............1369.6 Absolute positioning ............1379.6.1 Fixed positioning ..... 1389.7 Relationships between 'display', 'position', and 'float' ... 1399.8 Comparison of normal flow, floats, and absolute positioning .............1409.8.1 Normal flow ...........1419.8.2 Relative positioning ............1429.8.3 Floating a box ...........1449.8.4 Absolute positioning ............1489.9 Layered presentation .... 1489.9.1 Specifying the stack level: the 'z-index' property ... 1509.10 Text direction: the 'direction' and 'unicode-bidi' properties ...........15510 Visual formatting model details .......... 15510.1 Definition of "containing block" ......... 15810.2 Content width: the 'width' property .......... 15910.3 Calculating widths and margins ........ 16010.3.1 Inline, non-replaced elements ......... 16010.3.2 Inline, replaced elements ... 16010.3.3 Block-level, non-replaced elements in normal flow ..... 16110.3.4 Block-level, replaced elements in normal flow ........ 16110.3.5 Floating, non-replaced elements ......... 16110.3.6 Floating, replaced elements .... 16110.3.7 Absolutely positioned, non-replaced elements ...... 16310.3.8 Absolutely positioned, replaced elements ... 16310.3.9 'Inline-block', non-replaced elements in normal flow .... 16310.3.10 'Inline-block', replaced elements in normal flow ... 16310.4 Minimum and maximum widths: 'min-width' and 'max-width' ........ 16610.5 Content height: the 'height' property ......... 16710.6 Calculating heights and margins ........ 16710.6.1 Inline, non-replaced elements 10.6.2 Inline replaced elements, block-level replaced elements in
normal flow, 'inline-block' replaced elements in normal flow and floating .............168replaced elements 8 Jun 2005 12:519 Cascading Style Sheets, level 2 revision 1
10.6.3 Block-level non-replaced elements in normal flow when 'over-
...........168flow' computes to 'visible' .... 16910.6.4 Absolutely positioned, non-replaced elements ...... 17010.6.5 Absolutely positioned, replaced elements 10.6.6 Block-level, non-replaced elements in normal flow when 'over-
flow' does not compute to 'visible'; 'inline-block', non-replaced ...... 170elements; and floating, non-replaced elements .... 17010.6.7 'Auto' heights for block formatting context roots .. 17110.7 Minimum and maximum heights: 'min-height' and 'max-height'quotesdbs_dbs17.pdfusesText_23
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