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Working Paper

Projecl ÉDiplomacy in the 21st ;]flmjqÊ

Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP)/

German Institute for

International and Security Affairs

Volker Stanzel

Diplomacy in the

21st Century1

1 The working paper was produced in the framework of the

project ÉKaUTgeY[q af l`] *)st []flmjqÊ$ o`a[` ak Smf\]\ Rq the Zeit-Stiftung.

Working Paper

Hjgb][l ÉKaUTgeY[q af l`] *)st CenturyÊ No 01

October 2016

Table of Contents

1. Individual level: The Diplomat .......................................... 2

2. Instrumental level: Digitalized communication ..... 3

3. Institutional level: State-to-state diplomacy and

transnational others ................................................................... 5

4. ?TgRYT T]n]T2 ÉOm[[]kkSmTÊ \aUTgeY[q af Yf

environment of competing governances .......................... 7 SWP

Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik

German Institute

for International and

Security Affairs

Ludwigkirchplatz 34

10719 Berlin

Phone +49 30 880 07-0

Fax +49 30 880 07-100

www.swp-berlin.org swp@swp-berlin.org

SWP Working Papers are online

publications of SWP's research divisions which have not been formally reviewed by the

Institute. Please do not cite them

without the permission of the authors or editors. 1

Research on diplomacy in the 21st century

requires an interdisciplinary approach: His- torians will focus on the evolution of di- plomacy, communication experts on the impact of new media, sociologists on dip- lomatic character traits, cultural scientists on competing notions of governance, and practitioners from Foreign Offices, IOs,

NGOs etc. will direct their attention to as-

pects of everyday work. As a consequence, questions of theory as much as of practicali- ty, efficiency, efficacy, and future legitimacy of governance make for a suite of inquiries into a wide range of aspects of diplomacy as al ak k`YU]\ Yf\ UjY[la[]\ af lg\YqÌk jYUa\Tq changing inner-state and international en- vironment. This working paper tries to re- flect on some of the major ones of these aspects. It aims to look into global develop- ments of diplomacy on the individual, in- strumental, institutional, and international level of analysis, focusing on the post- millennial era; it hopes to tread an argu- mentatively persuasive path between the conflicting priorities of preserving and modernizing diplomatic practice in the 21st century.

In the past, once governments of states or

heads of tribes acknowledged that there were other governments or tribes of at least comparable strength pursuing common or conflicting agendas, they needed agents to mediate interests, prepare for or avoid con- flicts or wars, and negotiate the terms of peace afterwards. Such a description may still suffice to describe the core of what a \aUTgeYlÌk jgT] ak YRgml lg\Yq$ Yf\ oaTT Yk long as a plurality of state-like entities shape international society. Beyond that rough approximation, a wide range of qualities [`YjY[l]jar] É\aUTgeY[qFÊ 9TT l`] kYe]$ changes in the structures of international society have continuously necessitated ad- aptation of various elements of diplomacy; such has historically been the case and still is today. From the status of sanctity a mes- senger enjoyed to the two Vienna Conven- tions on diplomatic and consular relations, a fundamental necessity has remained the same: protect an emissary on his mission abroad from the wrath of possible enemies (most of the time his hosts). The need to safeguard a degree of legitimacy of diplo- macy recognized by the parties concerned obviously remains intact as instruments and government institutions involved adapt.

Today, diplomacy faces the challenges of

modern phenomena such as greater public attention and involvement, new means of communication, and a greater number of international state and non-state actors, all necessary for the shaping of foreign policy.

Against this backdrop, efforts to define

diplomacy adequately vary depending on the individual focus or theoretical perspec- lan] gS l`] gRk]jn]jF ÉN]\aYlagf gS ]k% ljYf_]e]flquotesdbs_dbs19.pdfusesText_25