[PDF] [PDF] Air Pollution and Health - TERI

[PDF] The Health Effects of Air Pollution in Delhi, India by Maureen L

well as for specific causes of death (respiratory illness and cardiovascular disease) 3 We also estimate the impact of air pollution on all non-trauma deaths

[PDF] Air Pollution and Health in India: - Centre for Environmental Health

Table 2: Estimated premature mortality due to ambient air pollution in India ICD – International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health 

[PDF] Air Pollution and Health - TERI

About 36 of the deaths are said to be attributable to Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD), 33 to stroke, 17 to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), 8 to Acute Lower Respiratory Disease (ALRI) and 6 to lung cancer

Health and economic impact of air pollution in the - The Lancet

22 déc 2020 · India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative Air Pollution Collaborators* Delhi had the highest per-capita economic loss due to air pollution, 

[PDF] A STUDY ON THE AIR POLLUTION RELATED - York University

and Health, Chennai, India, 15-17 December, 2003 Chennai: several endemic diseases resulting from air borne particulate materials which has drawn public

[PDF] diseases caused by air pollution ppt

[PDF] diseases due to air pollution in hindi

[PDF] dish network programming

[PDF] disinfectant animal safe

[PDF] disinfectant animal shelter

[PDF] disinfectant examples

[PDF] disinfecting cattle sheds

[PDF] disinfection safety

[PDF] disney 10k annual report 2019

[PDF] disney 2019 report

[PDF] disney annual report 2016

[PDF] disney annual report 2017

[PDF] disney annual report 2018

[PDF] disney annual report 2020

[PDF] disney annual revenue 2019

Air Pollution and Health

Discussion Paper

One of the main outcomes of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) was the agreement by Member States to launch a process to develop a set of Sustainable Deǀelopment Goals (SDGs). The goal 3 ͞Ensure healthy liǀes and promote well- being for all at all ages" aims at securing a healthy life for all. Measures to achieve this goal involves substantially reducing the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water, and soil pollution and contamination. This paper discusses the health impacts arising from ambient and household air pollution globally and at the national level (India) and recommends policy measures to reduce the health impact from air pollution in the national context.

© The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)

Disclaimer

All rights reserved. Any part of this publication may be quoted, copied, or translated by indicating the source. The analysis and policy recommendations of the book do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding organizations or entities associated with them.

Suggested Citation

TERI. 2015. Air Pollution and Health. Discussion Paper by The Energy and Resources Institute:

New Delhi.

Authors

Rinki Jain (Associate Fellow, TERI)

Karnika Palwa (Research Associate, TERI)

Reviewer

Meena Sehgal (Fellow, TERI)

Sumit Sharma (Fellow, TERI)

Shailly Kedia (Fellow, TERI)

The discussion paper is an output of a project on energy and environment goals under DFID- TERI Partnership for Clean Energy Access and Improved Policies for Sustainable Development. This paper will also be available as a chapter in TERI Energy & Environment Data Diary and

Yearbook (TEDDY) 2016.

1

Introduction

Clean air is the foremost requirement to sustain healthy lives of humankind and those of the supporting

ecosystems which in return affect the human wellbeing. Release of various gaseous emissions and

particulate matter (PM) has been on the rise due to rampant industrialized growth Anthropogenic

emissions of various kinds are being pumped into the atmosphere (called primary pollutants) and lead to the formation of new pollutants due to chemical reactions in the atmosphere (called secondary pollutants). These are building up the concern of ambient air pollution (AAP) as a prominent global threat to human health in many ways. For instance, according to the Fifth Assessment Report of the contributing to secondary pollutants in the atmosphere'. The UN General Assembly's Open Working Group (OWG) on Sustainable Development Goals forwarded

to the Assembly its proposal for a set of goals that consider economic, social and environmental

dimensions to improǀe people's liǀes and protect the planet for future generations at the conclusion of

goals with 169 targets covering a broad range of sustainable development issues, including ending

poverty and hunger, improving health and education, making cities more sustainable, combating climate

change, and protecting oceans and forests. The goal 3 ͞Ensure healthy liǀes and promote well-being for

all at all ages" aims at securing a healthy life for all. There are 9 sub-goals to this goal and sub-goal 3.9

targets to substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water, and soil pollution and contamination by 2030.

It is essential that the hazardous impacts from environmental pollution are regularly reported and

monitored. Of the various kinds of pollution, the air pollution has attracted high priority in respect of

environmental regulation since the environmental damage due to such pollution mostly affects human

well-being directly by way of adverse health effects on the population exposed to it. Air quality has

deteriorated in most large cities in India, a situation driven by population growth, industrialization and

increased vehicle use. Integrated air quality management (AQM), which is an evaluation and monitoring

tool, is a challenge to carry out in most developing countries because of the lack of information on

sources of air pollution and insufficient ambient air monitoring data that is available in the public

domain (TERI 2009).

Urban air pollution is largely a result of combustion of fossil fuels that are used in transportation, power

generation, industrial sector, and other economic activities. Household air pollution (HAP), also known

as indoor air pollution (IAP), is a serious area of concern in rural spaces, as majority of this population

continues to depend on traditional biomass for cooking and space heating and depend on kerosene or

other liquid fuels for lighting, all of which are highly likely to lead to high levels of HAP. More than 70%

of the population in India depends on traditional fuels (firewood, crop residue, cow dung, coal and

lignite) for cooking and almost 32% depend on kerosene for lighting purposes. About 3 billion people in

the world (more than 40% of the global population) rely on traditional biomass for the purpose of

cooking and an estimated 500 million households rely on kerosene and similar for the purpose of

lighting (WHO, 2015). In rural India, for instance, only 11.4% of the households use LPG for cooking (Census 2011).

This chapter discusses the health impacts arising from ambient and household air pollution and

recommends policy measures to reduce the health impact from air pollution. The focus of the paper is 2 on the global burden of air pollution and recommendations to reduce air pollution in the national context.

Parameters of air quality

Air pollution consists of a complex mix of various substances in different physical and chemical states

and these arise from various sources. Many of them are believed to be gravely harmful to human health.

Eminent international institutions like the World Health Organisation (WHO) consider a certain set of air

pollution indicators to get closer to quantification and monitoring of air pollution as quantification of all

the air pollutants has not yet been feasible on a global scale. WHO focuses on four health-related air

pollutants, namely, particulate matter (PM), measured as particles with an aerodynamic diameter lesser

than 10 ʅm (PM10) and lesser than 2.5 ʅm (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and ozone. The focus

on just these four is for the sake of monitoring the general state of air quality and it does not mean that

the other air pollutants do not impact health of humans and that of the environment (WHO, 2006).

Figure 1 and Figure 2 give the annual mean concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 in different regions of the

world respectively. For both the figures, the data represented belongs to years in the period 2008-2012

since this data is available for different years for the different stations. The highest and the lowest

recorded values of PM10 and PM2.5 for each region are represented in these two figures. The WHO

guideline ǀalues for particulate matter are 20 ʅgͬm3 for PM10, 10 ʅgͬm3 for PM2.5, 40 ʅgͬm3 for NO2 and

20 ʅgͬm3 for SO2 . The orange line denotes the WHO limits. The red dots plotted oǀer each country's bar

graph in both the figures represent the HDI value for that country as reported in the year 2012. Figure 1: Annual mean concentration of PM10 (ug/m3) in regions of the world1

Note: Yellow bar denotes lowest value for the region and blue bar denotes highest value for the region. These are based on

data for a particular region and are not average values for a region. The orange line denotes the permissible limit of 20 ʅgͬm3

The red dots depict the HDI value

Source: Ambient Air Pollution Database, WHO (2014)

1 AFR (Africa), AMR (America), AMR (America), EMR (Eastern Mediterranean Region), SEAR (South-East Asia Region), WPR

(Western Pacific Region), HI (High-Income), LMI (Low and Middle Income)

City/station at the specific countries whose data is presented: Mauritius (Midlands), Senegal (Dakar), Brazil (Salvador), Mexico

(Mexico City), USA (Lake Havasu City-Kingman, Arizona), Chile (Rancagya), Lebanon (Beirut), Pakistan (Peshawar), Oman

(Muscat), Bahrain (Hamad Town), Romania (Galati), Turkey (Igdir), Iceland (Hafnarfjordur), Israel (Ashkelon), Maldives (Male-

Friday Mosque Station), India (Gwalior), Malaysia (Tanah Rata), Mongolia (Darkhan), Australia (Illawarra), Republic of Korea

(Cheongju) 20 179
17 93

6 79 63

540
82
318
18 135

9 74 20

329
15 174
8 66

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91

0 100
200
300
400
500
600

MauritiusSenegalBrazilMexico

USAChile

Maldives

India

MalaysiaMongoliaAustralia

Republic of Korea

AFRAMR LMIAMR HIEMR LMIEMR HIEurope

LMI

Europe HISEARWPR LMIWPR HI

ʅg/m3

H D I 3 Figure 2: Annual mean concentration of PM2.5 (ug/m3) in regions of the world2

Note: Yellow bar denotes lowest value for the region and blue bar denotes highest value for the region.These are based on data

for a particular region and are not average values for a region. The orange line denotes the permissible limit of 30 ʅgͬm3. The

red dots depict the HDI value Source: Ambient Air Pollution Database, WHO (2014)

In Figure 1, for PM10, the highest recorded level is in EMR LMI, where the value recorded comes from a

station (Peshawar) in Pakistan. The lowest recorded level is in WPR HI, where the value recorded comes

from a station (Illawarra) in Australia. In Figure 2, for PM2.5, the highest recorded level is in SEAR, where

the value recorded comes from a station (Delhi) in India. The lowest recorded level is in AMR HI, where

the value recorded comes from a station (Powell River) in Canada. Generally, the high income group

countries have lesser PM10 and PM2.5 values than the low income group countries except in the case of

PM2.5 concentration in Chile. The highest value of PM2.5 in AMR HI (in Chile) is greater than the highest

value in AMR LMI (in Brazil). Overall, the EMR and SEAR are faring the worst in terms of PM10 and PM2.5

amongst other regions of the world. It is interesting to note that some countries that have high PM10

and PM2.5 values have lower HDI values and some countries that have less PM10 and PM2.5 values have

higher HDI values. This does not mean to state that there is necessarily a connection between the two

but it hints towards understanding of the specific context of these countries and their respective stage

of development.

Ambient air pollution has been identified as a national problem since it is the fifth biggest cause of

mortality in India (Atkinson, Cohen, Mehta, et al. 2011). Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in India

implements the National Air Quality Monitoring Programme through a network comprising 544

2 AFR (Africa), AMR (America), AMR (America), EMR (Eastern Mediterranean Region), SEAR (South-East Asia Region), WPR

(Western Pacific Region), HI (High-Income), LMI (Low and Middle Income)

City/station at the specific countries whose data is presented: Liberia (Buchanan rural), Mauritius (Beau Bassin/Rose Hill,

Coromandel), Ecuador (Ibarra, Ambato), Brazil (Salvador; 9 ʅgͬm3, Santa Gertrudes; 44 ʅgͬm3), Canada (Powell River), Chile

(Rancagya), Lebanon (Beirut), Pakistan (Karachi), Oman (Muscat), Qatar (Doha), Romania (Galati), Turkey (Igdir), Iceland

(Hafnarfjordur), Israel (Modiín), Maldives (Male-Friday Mosque Station), India (Delhi), Malaysia (Tanah Rata), Mongolia

(Darkhan), Brunei Darussalam (Brunei-Muara District), New Zealand (Lower Hutt), Australia (Melbourne), Republic of Korea

(Cheongiu). 9 66
9 9 44
2 54
20 117
31
93
12 90
4 46
9 153
7 80
5 5 5 30
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 20 40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180

Liberia

MauritiusEcuador

BrazilBrazilCanada

Chile

LebanonPakistan

OmanQatar

Romania

TurkeyIcelandIsrael

Maldives

India

MalaysiaMongolia

Brunei Darussalam

New Zealand

Australia

Republic of Korea

AFRAMR LMIAMR HIEMR

LMI

EMR HIEurope

LMI

Europe

HI

SEARWPR

LMI

WPR HI

ʅg/m3

H D I 4

operating ambient air quality stations covering 224 cities/towns in 26 states3 and 5 union territories of

the country. Under NAMP three major pollutants viz. PM10 (Particulate Matter having an aerodynamic diameter less

regular monitoring at all locations. The permissible levels of PM10, NO2 and SO2. are 60, 50 and 40 ʅgͬm3.

Other parameters like PM 2.5 (Particulate Matter having an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to

2.5 ʅm), Carbon monodžide (CO), Ammonia (NH3), Lead (Pb), Ozone (O3), Benzene (C6H6), Benzo (a)

pyrene {B(a)P}, Arsenic (As) and Nickel (Ni) are being monitored at selected locations and are slowly

being added to the monitoring network under NAMP. CPCB gives ambient air quality data in different

cities of India. More than 80% of the Indian cities violate the PM10 standards. Only 31 cities meet the

standard of 60 ʅgͬm3 for PM10 out of 204 cities for which data exists. Almost all the cities in India except

for Dombivali (52) and Ulhasnagar (46) lie below the permissible limit of 50 ʅgͬm3 for SO2. and there are

9 cities which edžceed the permissible limit of 60 ʅgͬm3 for NO2..(More details about the average annual

concentration for different cities in India is given in Annexure 1)..

Air Pollution Impacts on Respiratory Health

In 2012 alone, 7 million deaths in the world were attributable to the combined effects of ambient (3.7

million) and household (4.3 million) air pollution (WHO, 2015). Figure 3 shows the leading causes of

deaths and premature deaths in the world (as of 2010). Ischemic heart disease is at the forefront in this

ranking of causes, and COPD, lower respiratory infections, lung cancer are also amongst the top five causes of deaths worldwide. Figure 3: Leading causes of global deaths and premature deaths

Source: Global Burden of Disease (2010)

3 States of Manipur and Sikkim are not covered by CPCB.

5 Figure 4 depicts the total number of deaths in 2012 that are attributable to household air pollution

(HAP) and ambient air pollution (AAP) across all the regions of the world. As part of an update on the

Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2010, it was found that essentially five different kinds of

respiratory health conditions are the causes behind the number of deaths. About 36% of the deaths are

said to be attributable to Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD), 33% to stroke, 17% to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), 8% to Acute Lower Respiratory Disease (ALRI) and 6% to lung cancer. The

update also quantifies the effect on people from different gender and age groups. According to it, 49%

of the 7 million in 2012 were men (aged 25 years or above), 42% were women (aged 25 years or above)

and 9% were children (under the age of 5 years) (WHO, 2014). Deaths in Western Pacific low and middle

income region is the highest in the world, followed by South-East Asia and then by Africa.

Figure 4: Total global deaths attributable to household and ambient air pollution in 2012 (region-wise)

Source: WHO 2014

Table 1 presents data for every five years from 1990 to 2010 for the percentage of total global deaths

due to causes attributed to air pollution categorized under three main diseases. As per the data

observations, it can be said that the total global deaths due to all the major respiratory diseases seem to

be reducing systematically for the time period in consideration. This is also due to the improvements

made over these years, 1990 to 2010, in the quality, accessibility and availability of health services and

medicines, that are being provided to the geographical areas where treatment from the illnesses are

required. There is insufficient data to be able to state that the percentage of total global deaths that are

attributed to air pollution have reduced over these years due to improvements in global air quality, if

any. 6.79

1.31 0.96

quotesdbs_dbs19.pdfusesText_25