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Study on

DNA Profiling Technology

for its Implementation in the

Central Schengen Information

System

Administrative

Arrangement

JRC-34751

Angers, A.

Kagkli, D.M.

Oliva, L.

Petrillo, M.

Raffael, B.

2019

EUR 29766 EN

science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European

policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European

Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication.

Contact information

Name: Alexandre Angers

Address: Joint Research Centre, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy

Email: alexandre.angers@ec.europa.eu

Tel.: +39 0332 78 6539

JRC Science Hub

https://ec.europa.eu/jrc

JRC116742

EUR 29766 EN

PDF ISBN 978-92-76-07983-5 ISSN 1831-9424 doi:10.2760/13343 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2019

© European Union, 2019

Reuse is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. The reuse policy of European Commission documents

is regulated by Decision 2011/833/EU (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39).

For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not under the EU copyright, permission must be

sought directly from the copyright holders.

All images © European Union 2019, except:

Figure 7, taken from the public domain at https://www.nist.gov/image/cellularfingerprintjpg. Credit: Kline/NIST

How to cite this report: Angers A, Kagkli DM, Oliva L, Petrillo M, Raffael B, Study on DNA Profiling Technology

for its Implementation in the Central Schengen Information System, EUR 29766, Luxembourg: Publications

Office of the European Union, 2019, ISBN 978-92-76-07983-5, doi:10.2760/13343, PUBSY No. JRC116742 i

Table of Contents

Abstract ............................................................................................................... 4

Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ 5

Executive summary ............................................................................................... 6

Introduction .......................................................................................................... 7

1 State-of-the art of the use of DNA markers in forensic science ................................ 9

1.1 Introduction to DNA ..................................................................................... 9

1.2 DNA as a forensic tool .................................................................................. 9

1.3 DNA markers ............................................................................................ 10

1.3.1 Autosomal STRs ................................................................................ 10

1.3.2 Sex chromosome STRs ....................................................................... 12

1.3.2.1 X chromosome STRs .................................................................... 12

1.3.2.2 Y chromosome STRs ..................................................................... 13

1.3.3 Amelogenin ....................................................................................... 13

1.3.4 Mitochondrial DNA ............................................................................. 14

1.3.5 Other markers ................................................................................... 15

1.3.5.1 SNPs .......................................................................................... 15

1.3.5.2 Microhaplotypes ........................................................................... 15

1.3.5.3 InDels ........................................................................................ 15

1.3.5.4 LINEs/SINEs ................................................................................ 16

2 Overview of the generation and use of DNA profiles to identify missing persons ...... 17

2.1 General considerations ............................................................................... 17

2.1.1 On the importance of the laboratory process ......................................... 17

2.1.2 On the challenge of contamination ....................................................... 17

2.2 Step 1: Collection of biological samples ........................................................ 18

2.2.1 Selection of the DNA source ................................................................ 18

2.2.2 Sample collection ............................................................................... 19

2.3 Step 2: From sample to profile .................................................................... 20

2.3.1 The DNA extraction step ..................................................................... 20

2.3.2 The DNA quantification step ................................................................ 21

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