When you are using the Harvard style, your citation should include: 1 ' Geological map of the easternmost region of São Nicolau' (Ramalho et al, 2010:p 532)
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When you are using the Harvard style, your citation should include: 1 ' Geological map of the easternmost region of São Nicolau' (Ramalho et al, 2010:p 532)
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Citing & Referencing:
Harvard Style
1 What is referencing? 2
2Why should I reference? 2
3What should I reference? 3
4What is a citation? 3
5How do I write citations
using the Harvard style? 4 5.1Citing one author 4
5.2Citing two or three authors 4
5.3Citing four or more authors 4
5.4Citing works by the same
author written in the same year 5 5.5Citing from chapters written
by different authors 5 5.6Secondary referencing 5
5.7Citing a direct quotation 6
Contents
5.8Citing an image/illustration/ 6
table/diagram/photograph/ figure/picture 5.9Citing from works with
no obvious author 7 5.10Citing from multi-media works 7
5.11Citing from an interview or
personal communication 7 5.12Tips on good quotation practice 8
6How do I write a reference? 10
7How do I write a reference list? 14
8Example of a reference list 14
9What is a bibliography? 16
10How to write references for your
reference list and bibliography:Harvard style
17 11Sources of further help 25
Contents
1 There are many styles that can be used for referencing. When you are giv en coursework or dissertation guidelines, check which style of referencing your lecturer or department asks you to use. If you don't check, and you use a style that is not the one stated in your guidelines, you could find you lose marks. This guide introduces you to the Harvard referencing style, which uses a n author-date' approach. If your lecturer or department does not ask you to use any particular style, we would recomm end using Harvard. It's easy to learn, simple to use, and when you get stuck, there is lots of advice available to help y ou out. When you begin your research for any piece of work, it is important that you record the details of all the information you find. You will need these details to provide accurate references, an d to enable you to locate the information again at a later date, should it be necessary to do so. Section 6 of this guid e will help you identify what information you need, regardless of which referencing style you choose to use.1. WHAT IS REFERENCING?
It is a method used to demonstrate to your readers that you have conduct ed a thorough and appropriate literature search, and reading. Equally, referencing is an acknowledgement that you have us ed the ideas and written material belonging to other authors in your own work. As with all referencing styles, there are two parts: citing, and the ref erence list.2. WHY SHOULD I REFERENCE?
Referencing is crucial to you to carry out successful research, and cruc ial to your readers so they can see how you didyour research. Knowing why you need to reference means you will understand why it is important that you kno
w how to reference.What Is Referencing?
21. Accurate referencing is a key component of good academic practice and
enhances the presentation of your work: it shows that your writing is based on knowledge and info rmed by appropriate academic reading.2. You will ensure that anyone reading your work can trace the sources y
ou have used in the development of your work, and give you credit for your research efforts and quality3. If you do not acknowledge another person's work or ideas, you coul
d be accused of plagiarism. Plus your lecturers are very keen to see good reference lists. Impress t hem with the quality of the information you use, and your references, and you will get even better marks.3. WHAT SHOULD I REFERENCE?
You should include a reference for all the sources of information that y ou use when writing or creating a piece of your own work.4. WHAT IS A CITATION?
When you use another person's work in your own work, either by referr ing to their ideas, or by including a direct quotation, you must acknowledge this in the text of your work. This acknowledgement is called a citation. When you are using the Harvard style, your citation should include:1. The author or editor of the cited work
2. The year of publication of the cited work
What Is Referencing?
35. HOW DO I WRITE CITATIONS USING THE HARVARD STYLE?
There are a number of rules relating to citations depending on the numbe r of authors of a work, and if you are citing a quotation.5.1 Citing one author
A recent study investigated the effectiveness of using Google Scholar to find medical research (Henderson, 2005). or Henderson (2005) has investigated the effectiveness of Google Scholar in finding medical research.5.2 Citing two or three authors
If the work has two or three authors, include all names in your citation . For more than three authors, see section 5.3. Recent research indicates that the number of duplicate papers being publ ished is increasing (Arrami & Garner, 2008). Evidence shows that providing virtual laboratory exercises as well as pr actical laboratory experience enhances the learning process (Barros, Read & Verdejo, 2008).5.3 Citing four or more authors
If the work has four or more authors/editors the abbreviation 'et al' should be used after the first author's name. It is also acceptable to use 'et al' after the first author if the work has t hree authors.Using the Harvard Style
4 Social acceptance of carbon capture and storage is necessary for the int roduction of technologies (van Alphen et al, 2007).5.4 Citing works by the same author written in the same year
If you cite a new work which has the same author and was written in the same year as an earlier citation, you must use a lower case letter after the date to differentiate between the works. Communication of science in the media has increasingly come under focus, particularly where reporting of facts and research is inaccurate (Goldacre, 2008a; Goldacre, 2008b).5.5 Citing from chapters written by different authors
Some books may contain chapters written by different authors. When citin g work from such a book, the author who wrote the chapter should be cited, not the editor of the book.5.6 Secondary referencing
Secondary references are when an author refers to another author's wo rk and the primary source is not available. When citing such work the author of the primary source and the author of the work it was cited in should be used. According to Colluzzi and Pappagallo (2005) as cited by Holding et al (2008) most patients given opiates do not become addicted to such drugs.You are advised that secondary referencing should be avoided wherever possible and you should always try to find the
original work.