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The Five Generations of Computers

Generations of Computer

termsofthegenerationsofcomputer. thantheirpredecessors.

Generations of Computer

computerintermsofthetechnologyusedbythem appearance,andtheirapplications.

First Generation Computers

(1940-1956)

The first computers used vacuum tubes for

circuitry and magnetic drumsformemory. They were often enormous and taking up entire room. First generation computers relied onmachine language.

They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.

The UNIVAC andENIACcomputers are examples of first-generation computing devices.

First Generation Computers

Advantages :

It was only electronic device

First device to hold memory

Disadvantages :

Too bulky i.elarge in size

Vacuum tubes burn frequently

They were producing heat

Maintenance problems

SecondGeneration Computers

(1956-1963) Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers.

Second-generation computers moved from

crypticbinarymachine language to symbolic.

High-level programming languageswere also being

developed at this time, such as early versions ofCOBOL andFORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory.

SecondGeneration Computers

Advantages :

Size reduced considerably

The very fast

Very much reliable

Disadvantages :

They over heated quickly

Maintenance problems

ThirdGeneration Computers

(1964-1971)

The development of theintegrated circuitwas the

hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed onsiliconchips, called semiconductors. Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers throughkeyboards andmonitorsandinterfacedwith anoperating system. Allowed the device to run many differentapplicationsat one time.

Third generation computers

Advantages :

ICs are very small in size

Improved performance

Production cost cheap

Disadvantages :

ICs are sophisticated

FourthGeneration Computers

(1971-present)

Themicroprocessorbrought the fourth generation of

computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer.

From thecentral processing unitand memory to

input/output controls³on a single chip. . Fourth generation computers also saw the development ofGUIs, themouseand handhelddevices.

FourthGeneration Computers

FifthGeneration Computers

(present and beyond) Fifth generation computing devices, based onartificial intelligence.

Are still in development, though there are some

applications, such asvoice recognition. The use ofparallel processingand superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond tonatural languageinput and are capable of learning and self-organization.

FifthGeneration Computers

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