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Halal Meat Fraud and safety issues 1

Awal Fuseinia, Steve B. Wottona, Toby G. Knowlesa, Phil J. Hadleyb͒ 2 aUniversity of Bristol, School of Veterinary Science, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, 3 UK4 bAHDB, Creech Castle, Bathpool5

Correspondence: Awal Fuseini (. 074741923926

University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Science, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, 7 UK8

Abstract9

Since the discovery of horsemeat in 10

has been increased speciation testing of products of meat origin11 led to the detection of 12 on caused a 13 among the UK Muslim population, 14 strictly forbidden in Islam. This paper considers what makes meat Halal and 15 existing 16 expose17

Keywords18

Hala19

1. Introduction20

The adulteration 21

phenomenon. Within the EU, there are stringent measures in place to protect and 22 promote foods that are traditional specialties and have geographical indications such 23 as Protected Geographical In24 and Traditional Specialties Guaranteed (TSG) and law protects these. Relevant EU 25 food safety and labelling legislation also seeks to prevent the adulteration and 26 production of foods that may pose a publ 27 misrepresentation (through mislabelling) of food in order to deceive consumers. 28 Despite these preventative measures, certain individuals, in using unapproved 29 methods, succeed to produce food that is unfit for human consumptio 30 correctly described. These individuals are more often than not, motivated by greed, 31 and a desire to maximise profits. 32 in accordance with the Islamic dietary laws enshrined in the Quran (Islamic H33 Book) and the Hadith (The traditions of the Prophet of Islam, Mohammed). The 34 majority of practicing Muslims 35 consumption of such meats as a form of worship. Due to the spiritual significance of 36

Halal meat37

with trading in such meats due to the expansion in 38 there has been 39 business operators in the 40 projected that if the current trends continue, the global Muslim population will 41 increase by 42 benefits associated with trading in Halal f43 expressed concern 44 slaughter of animals45

Muslim consumption. The situation46

Business Operators in the West are non47

the Islamic dietary laws. Also, 48

Halal industry (BBC49

Mail Online 50

horsemeat 51 F52 undeclared materials53

Food Safety News 54

detection of pork meat and porcine DNA in various Halal 55

Muslim consumption56

to farm, trade or consume pork or any by57 Whilst many fraudulent activities in the 58 mislabelling of non59 (and its derivatives) or other non60 some unscrupulous 61 of Halal Certification Bodies (HCBs) 62 considered63 requirements of the Islamic dietary laws. Some HCBs64 processing65 pork or other non66 67
pork, 68 porcine DNA contamination69 products 70 processing plant whereHalalproducts in question were processed 71 using t72 on the processing of Halal and pork or pork derivatives on the same processing lines 73 by HCBs, there appears to be diff 74 acceptability of pre75 birds 76 production systems77

This paper attempts to def 78

within79 considers the differences that exist between the Halal standards used by different80

Halal authorities across the EU81

definition of Halal in terms of animal welfare and food safety.82

2. What is Halal 83

Halal is an Arabic word that84

(85 derive86 in the Quran87 have recent 88

2016b). It is generally agreed within the Muslim community that for meat to be 89

acceptable for consumption by Muslims, the animal must be a species 90 for Halal, 91 that sufficient time must be al92 loss of brain function. The Quran 93 T94 palatability) 95 was revealed, there were no advanced technologies such as refrigeration systems for 96 the preservation of meat. 97 exsanguination results in poor keeping and eating quality.98 support the hypothesis that the method of stunning or slaughter affects the loss of 99 blood as quoted below. 100 exsanguination cannot be literally complete, as residual blood will always remain in 101 the capillaries whether animals are slaughtered with or without stunning. Hence the 102 religious ban103 proper bleeding, i.e. removing as much blood as 104 carcass.105 Despite the fact that Islamic authorities around the world unanimously agree 106 of107 have divided opinion among Islamic jurists, leading to confusion among Halal 108 consumers, food business operators and other stakeholders in the Halal industry as109 what is authen 110

1099/2009 requires the pre111

to induce immediate loss of 112 gives derogation for slaughter113 as well as in some member states 114 vehemently argued against the use of any form of stunning for Halal slaughter115 others are of the opinion that pre116 that 117

Opponents of pre 118

possibility of animals dying 119 reason pre120 opinion that the stunning of animals prior to slaughter results in the reten121 blood in the carcass in comparison with those slaughtered without stunning. However, 122 repeated 123 slaughter124 los125

In addition,126

full 127

Orford128

community, 129

Halal food 130

the door for 131 industry. 132

3. The market for Halal133

The demand for Halal meat is on the rise and it is projected to continue to 134 (Fa135 the exponential growth 136

UK and France as the two EU countries where 137

uninterrupted growth in the demand for meats slaughtered according to the Halal 138 rules. The global expansion in Muslim 139 be responsible for the continued growth of the Halal meat market. However, some 140 r141 attributed to the 142 (Bergeaud143 the recent ex144 and Libya 145 those countries 146 influencing the growt147 the export of Halal certified meat and processed meat products 148

Muslim 149

Singapore is another important factor influencing the growth of the Halal meat market 150 in151 largest sh152 most important centre for the transit of 153 countries. It154

Muslim155

to patronise Halal restaurants and fast food chains that clearly advert156

Halal157

Notable158

(KFC), Subway,159

Some of t160

restaurants 161 therefore not surprising that the mainstream retail multiples within the EU, including 162

Albert,163

Tesco and164

(Awan et al. 165 emphasise that they do not sell unstunned meat under their 166 unstunned meat 167 label.168 multiples, the preferred point of purchase of Halal meat by the majority of Muslims is 169 the local Halal butcher (170

Bonne & Verbeke171

butcher stalls in many of the supermarkets within the UK. 172

UK Halal consumers, 173

un174 findings also revealed that the majority of Halal consumers 175 the local Muslim176 than177 consume Halal meat willingly178 they consider 179 albeit a significant proportion of Halal meat is stunned prior to slaughter. In fact180 within the EU, the proportion of Halal meat stunned before slaughter has been 181 reported as 65% 182

2010).183

stunning have been rejected184 It does appear however, that, a significant proportion of the 185 according to the rules of Shechita cannot be consumed by the Jewish community due 186 187
hindquartersare therefore passed 188 (Conway 189 currently no legal requirement for meat to be labelled 190 more 191 post192 meat to be labelled as either stunned or unstunned193 permit non 194 organisations 195 slaughter of animals 196 (197

4. Halal meat certification198

The ultimate goal of the certification of meat 199 provide assurance to Halal consumers that 200 during the slaughter, processing, packaging, storage or transport of the meat. 201 particularly important within the EU and other industria202

FBOs 203

increased risk of cross contamination 204 pork during further processing, storag205 with206 certify 207

According to thmonitor and 208

because209

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