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Growth and Institutions:
A Revie w o f th eEvidenc
eJanine
AwnAfrica's
disappointing economic performance, the East Asian financial crisis, and the weak record of the former Soviet Union have focused attention on the role of institutions in determining a country's economic growth. This article critically reviews the literature that tries to link quantitative measures of institutions, such as civil liberties and property rights, with growth of gross domestic product across countries and over time. An impor- tant distinction is made between indicators that measure the performance or quality of institutions and those that measure political and social characteristics and political insta- bility. The evidence suggests a link between the quality of institutions and investment and growth, but the evidence is by no means robust. I wish to assert a much more fundamental role for institutions in societies; they are the underlying determinant of the long-run performance of economies. Nort h 199010 7 Th e rol e o f institution s i n promotin g growt h i n developin g an d emergin g economie s ha s sparke d renewe d interes t i n recen t year s (Worl d Ban k 1993
1997
Stiglit
z 1998)A burgeonin g literatur e thu s seek s t o determin e th e exten t t o whic h th e qualit y o f publi c an d privat e economi c institutions th e particula r structur e o f governance an d th e exten t o f socia l capita l (o r civi c engagement affec t growth
Evidenc
e fro m globa l cross-countr y econometri c studie s i s potentiall y importan t becaus e th e paucit y an d weaknes s o f bot h macroeconomi c an d institutiona l dat a fo r man y developin g coun trie s preclud e robus t polic y interpretation s o n a country-by-countr y basi s (Srinivasa n 1995La i an d Myin t 1996)
I f ther e i s clea r evidenc e tha t wea k politica l an d economi c institution s signifi cantl y hampe r growth policymaker s migh t propos e measure s tha t strengthe n insti tution s i n particula r way s o r tha t encourag e mor e appropriat e politica l structure s (Aro n 1996)
Fo r instance
Africa
n countrie s usuall y for m a significan t par t o f th e The World RankResearch
Observer,
voL 15, no. I (February2000),
pp 99-135 200
0 Th e