[PDF] [PDF] Options for Managing Industrial Air Pollution in Canada - Smart

[PDF] Air Pollution Control - UN Environment Document Repository Home

Environmental protection started in the late 1970s in China and Beijing At local level, end-of-pipe pollution control measures (mainly on industrial sources) were  

[PDF] Strategies and Policies for Air Pollution Abatement - UNECE

Parties reported on the use of economic measures such as taxes, grants, licensing and voluntary schemes to reduce emissions from industrial sources In the 

[PDF] Best AvAilABle techniques for Preventing And controlling industriAl

prevent and control industrial emissions, thus ensuring a high level of Evaluation Criteria for Air Pollution Prevention and Control Technologies

[PDF] Pollution Control in Industrial Processes - EOLSS

Environment 6 4 Emissions 6 4 1 Air emissions 6 4 2 Liquid emissions 7 Control of Pollution in Iron and Steel Industry 7 1 Introduction 7 2 Sinter production

[PDF] Industrial Pollution Control - European Commission - europaeu

21 déc 2007 · There are links between the directive and other legislation regulating the environmental impacts of industrial activities — for example the Page 8 

[PDF] Principles of Industrial Pollution Management - International Finance

SUMMARY OF AIR EMISSION AND EFFLUENT DISCHARGE REQUIREMENTS POLLUTANTS POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES INDUSTRY 

[PDF] Options for Managing Industrial Air Pollution in Canada - Smart

The current approach to reducing the emissions of air pollutants at the provincial/ territorial level in Canada largely consists of command and control regulations, 

[PDF] STRATEGIES TO REDUCE AIR POLLUTION IN INDIA

Control Strategies Adopted Air Quality Standards notified (1982 1994) and Air Pollution Control areas declared Emission Standards notified for Industries 

[PDF] Strategies to Reduce Air Pollution in Shipping Industry - CORE

as well as operation changes at port in order to reduce the air pollution from ship and other Major sources of air pollution from shipping industry Promoting 

[PDF] how to convert currency

[PDF] how to convert from decimal to degrees

[PDF] how to convert minutes for payroll

[PDF] how to convert ml to litres

[PDF] how to cook a smoked ham

[PDF] how to crack az 900

[PDF] how to craft an argument

[PDF] how to create a course on facebook

[PDF] how to create a digital signature in adobe acrobat pro

[PDF] how to create a digital signature in adobe acrobat pro 9

[PDF] how to create a digital signature in adobe acrobat pro dc

[PDF] how to create a digital signature in adobe acrobat reader dc

[PDF] how to create a dynamic website in php step by step pdf

[PDF] how to create a live poll on zoom

[PDF] how to create a mask in c

EMERGING ISSUES

Options for Managing Industrial

Air Pollution in Canada: The Use

of Market-Based Instruments 1

Key Messages

Improving air quality continues to be a challenge in Canada, especially in urban and industrial areas. Industrial emitters are responsible for a large proportion of emissions of smog and acid-rain-causing pollutants. The current approach to reducing the emissions of air pollutants at the provincial/ territorial level in Canada largely consists of command and control regulations, with some exceptions; this suggests that there is scope for the greater adoption of economic instruments for air quality management.

Command and control mechanisms may be necessary for some pollutants, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter (PM), due to human health considerations. However, sulphur dioxide (SO2

) and oxides of nitrogen (NO x emissions can be cost-effectively managed through emissions trading systems. Another option not yet explored in Canada, though in place in several countries in

Europe, is emissions charges.

Various approaches to air quality management can achieve the desired air quality outcomes with the right design elements in place, though market-based approaches may do so at a lower cost.

1 Sustainable Prosperity would like to acknowledge Nashina Shari for the research underpinning this policy brief. SP would also like to

thank John Kenney of Urban Systems for his comments and contributions to the piece. Responsibility for the nal product and its

conclusions is Sustainable Prosperity" s alone, and should not be assigned to any reviewer or other external party.Sustainable Prosperity is a national

research and policy network, based at the University of Ottawa. SP focuses on market-based approaches to build a stronger, greener, more competitive economy. It brings together business, policy and academic leaders to help inno- vative ideas inform policy development.

Sustainable Prosperity

c/o University of Ottawa

555 King Edward Avenue

Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5

613-562-5800 x3342

www.sustainableprosperity.ca

SPfiPBfi2434fiJUNEfi2011

Policy Brief June 2011

The Issue

Air quality in Canada remains a threat to human health and the environment, which suggests that there may be room for examining and improving current air quality management approaches. Given the relatively low level of policy experience in Canada with market-based instruments, this Brief will look at the potential this policy approach has to address air pollution.

The Knowledge Base

Air Quality Trends in Canada

fie main air pollutants of concern to human health and the environment are sulphur dioxide (SO 2 2 , oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), particulate matter (PM) and

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs).

3 NO x and SO 2 are associated with acid rain, while PM and VOCs are associated with smog. All of these pollutants contribute to poor air quality. Industrial emitters, along with transportation, are responsible for a signicant portion of

Canada's air pollution, as shown in gure 1.

Figure 1: Sources of Air Pollution in Canada (2008)

Source: Environment Canada

4 2 SO 2 is the main chemical compound, together with SO 3 , that creates sulphur oxides (SO x 3 CO 2

, the major contributor to climate change, is also a concern, though it is not addressed in this policy brief.

4 Available at http://w ww.ec.gc.ca/indicateurs-indicators/default.asp?lang=En&n=ADF1A74C-1

100%
80%
60%
40%
20% 0%

Share of Pollution (%)

Agriculture

(livestock and fertilizer)

Other industries

Oil and gas industry

Transportation

(road, rail, air, marine)

O-road vehicles

Fuel for electricity and heating

Home rewood burning

Incineration and miscellaneous

Paints and solvents

SO x NO x VOCPM 2.5 NH 3

The main air pollutants of concern

to human health and the environ- ment are sulphur dioxide (SO 2 oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), particulate matter (PM) and Volatile Organic

Compounds (VOCs).

2Policy Brief - June 2011The Issue

Key ambient air pollutants are particulate matter and ozone. Particulate matter arises both from the direct emissions of PM and from the reaction of other pollutants, most notably sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) and oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), in the atmosphere. Ground level ozone arises from the reaction between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NO x in sunlight. 5

On the national

level, most major air pollutants (NO x , SO 2 , VOCs and PM) have decreased since 1985, as shown in ?gure 2, though air quality is worsening in certain regions, as described below. Figure 2: Main air pollutants emissions trends for Canada (1985-2008)

Source: Air Pollutant Emissions Summaries and Trends, National Pollutant Release Inventory, Environment Canada

6 Environment Canada has carried out analysis on the causes of the declines in various air pollutants and found that reductions in these pollutants have been driven by various policies and actions. For example, the signi?cant decline in SO x emissions is attributed to

Canada/U.S. agreements to cap sulphur dioxide (SO

2 ) emissions. 7

Despite these declines,

ambient air quality remains a signi?cant concern in Canada. When weighted by population, levels of ground level ozone in certain regions in Canada have risen between 11 and 16 per cent (depending on the region) in the past 18 years. 8 At the local level, air pollution also remains a challenge. For example, PM and ozone levels in many cities are consistently above the Canada-Wide Standards (CWS). (?e CWS are explained in more detail below on page 5). In the period from 2003 to 2005, at least 30 per cent of Canadians lived in communities with PM 2.5 levels above the CWS; for ozone, the ?gure is 40 per cent. 9 Key contributors to ambient concentrations include both local emissions sources, as well as transboundary pollution from the United States.

5 Envir onment Canada. July 18, 2006. "Smog." Available at http://www.ec.gc.ca/cleanair-airpur/Smog-WS13D0EDAA-1_En.htm

6 Envir onment Canada. 2010. "National Air Pollutant Emissions." Available at: http://www.ec.gc.ca/indicateurs-indicators/default.asp?lang=En&n=E79F4C12-1.

7 Envir onment Canada. 2010. "National Air Pollutant Emissions." Available at: http://www.ec.gc.ca/indicateurs-indicators/default.asp?lang=En&n=E79F4C12-1.

8 Envir onment Canada. 2011. "Regional Air Quality." Available at: http://www.ec.gc.ca/indicateurs-indicators/default.asp?lang=En&n=89B1C598-1.

9 Canadian C ouncil of Ministers of the Environment. November 2006. "Canada-wide Standards for Particulate Matter and Ozone: Five Year Report:

2000-2005." Page 20. Available at: http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/cams_proposed_framework_e.pdf.

00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

Emissions in megatonnes

SO x NO x VOC PM 2.5 NH 3

3Policy Brief - June 2011The Knowledge Base

E?ects of Air Pollution on Human Health and the Environment ffe Canadian Medical Association has found that the value of human health damages from air pollution exceeds $8 billion each year. 10

Chronic exposure to

PM can contribute to an increased chance of respiratory disease and lung cancer. In addition, PM is a "non-threshold" substance, that is, there is no level of exposure that is not associated with some health impacts. Ozone, above certain concen- trations, can also present significant health impacts: it can cause breathing problems, trigger asthma and contribute to lung disease. 11 On the environmental side, PM increases the acidity of lakes and streams, impacts nutrient levels in soils, and damages forests and crops. 12

Ozone can impact the ability of sensitive

plants to produce and store food, and can reduce forest growth and crop yields, both of which can, in turn, reduce ecosystem diversity. 13

Canada: Ambient Air Quality Standards

Both the federal and provincial/territorial governments play a role in air quality manage- ment in Canada. Historically, the federal government, in partnership with provincial and territorial governments, has set ambient air quality objectives through the introduction of National Ambient Air Quality Objectives (NAAQOs) and Canada-Wide Standards (CWS). Provincial and territorial governments then apply these objectives using a wide variety of environmental management tools. Provincial governments also offien set their own ambient air quality standards, though many of these follow the federal standards. A recent proposal by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment will further the cooperative relationship between federal and provincial governments in setting ambient air quality standards with the added involvement of stakeholders, and again the responsibility to apply these standards will sit primarily in the hands of provincial governments.

National Ambient Air Quality Objectives

ffe Government of Canada, in partnership with the provinces, developed the National Ambient Air Quality Objectives (NAAQOs). ffe NAAQOs prescribe goals for air quality based on the risk to key biological receptors (humans, plants, animals, and materials).

10 Canadian M edical Association. 2008. "No Breathing Room: National Illness Costs of Air Pollution." Available at: http://www.cma.ca/icap.

11 Wor ld Health Organization. August 2008. "World Health Organization fact sheet No. 313 - Air Quality and Health." Available at:

12

United Stat es Environmental Protection Agency. May 9, 2008. "Health and Environment - Particular Matter." Available at

13

United Stat es Environmental Protection Agency. May 9, 2008. "Health and Environment - Ozone." Available at

The Canadian Medical Association

has found that the value of human health damages from air pollution exceeds $8 billion each year.

4Policy Brief - June 2011The Knowledge Base

While the NAAQOs are intended to be primarily e?ects-based, they also re?ect the incorporation of technological, economic and societal information. 14 Although the NAAQOs are federally set objectives, provincial governments can adopt and implement them as they see ?t. ?e primary distinction between the NAAQOs and the Canada-Wide Standards is that the NAAQOs apply to a broader range of substances and use di?erent metrics for assessment. Speci?cally, NAAQOs exist for NO 2 , SO 2 , total suspended particulate, Ozone and Carbon Monoxide, and set hourly, 8-hour, daily and/or annual thresholds depending on the pollutant. 15

Canada-Wide Standards

Additionally, the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) - a council that includes the Ministers of the Environment from all provinces, territories, and the federal government - has developed national air pollution standards. ?e current national standards, called the Canada-Wide Standards (CWS) for Particulate Matter and Ozone, "represent a balance between the desire to achieve the best health and environmental protection possible in the relative near-term and the feasibility and costs of reducing the pollutant emissions that contribute to elevated levels of PM and ozone in ambient air." 16quotesdbs_dbs14.pdfusesText_20