[PDF] [PDF] The Economics of Global Climate Change

POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION HUMAN ACTIVITY AND - JSTOR

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The Economics of

Global Climate Change

by Jonathan MM Harrisn

Brian Roach and AnnegMarie Codur

Global Development And Environment Institute

Tufts University

Medfordn MA dlu55

http:ooaseMtuftsMeduogdae

A GDAE Teaching Module

A GDAETeaGe cGh iTnA gM oeaGG

duulMuGT GhEA AgTEu tionalpurposes.

GlobalDevelopmentAndEnvironmentInstitute

TuftsUniversity

Somerville,MA02144

http://ase.tufts.edu/gdae

E-mail:gdae@tufts.edu

sectionattheendofthemodule.

The Economics of Global Climate Change

Table of Contents

1

The Economics of Global Climate Change

1. CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE

carbondioxide(CO 2 increasedaccumulationsofthesegases. 1 2

The2013and

3 beendrivenprimarilybyhumanactivity. -U.S.GlobalChangeResearchProgram,2014 4 comes. -AmericanGeophysicalUnion,2014 5 1 basicwarmingeffectwillproducecomplexeffectsonclimatepatterns - withwarminginsome 2

Cooketal.,2016.

3 4

U.S.GlobalChangeResearchProgram,p.7.

5

AmericanGeophysicalUnion,2014.

2 overuseofacommonpropertyresource. pollution.Globalpollutioncreatesa"publicbad"affectingeveryone - anegative (CO 2 2 intheatmosphere atmosphericconcentration(seeFigure1).

Figure1.AtmosphericCarbonDioxideLevels

Note:SeasonalvariationsmeanthatCO

2 2 300
320
340
360
380
400
420

1962196819741980198619921998200420102016

CO 2

Concentration(ppm)

3

BOX1.WHATISTHEGREENHOUSEEFFECT?

2 ),methane, SwedishscientistSvant eArrheniusin1896.Arrhenius hypothesizedth attheincreased khauser,1995). 2 con- humanactivitiessince1750.

January18,2017.

4 interesttolower emissionsforthe commongood.Climate changecanthus be individualcitizens. pre-industrialtimes).In additionto theactionstaken bynationalgovernments, hundredsofcities, regions, andcorporationshavepledgedto makesignificant reductionsintheirCO 2 indetailsinthelastsectionofthismodule.

BecauseCO

2 scientific,economic,andsocialissues.

Trends in Global Carbon Emissions

GlobalemissionsofCO

2 responsibleforabout42percent ofglobalcarbon emissions,while liquidfuels (primarilyoil)are thesourceofanother 33percent, combustionof naturalgas 6

Figure2

CO 2 7 6

Bodenetal,2016.

7

ToconvertfromtonsofcarbontotonsofCO

2

44/12,derivedfromCO

2 5 2 ,multiplyby3.67 2 cessedJune2016. measuresmillionmetrictonsofCO 2 6 Emissionsareclosely connectedwiththe economiccycles, andthe2008 -2009 CO 2 (33gigatons)ofCO 2 growth(witha decreaseinChina' seconomicgrowth rate).It alsoreflectsnew significantimpactincurtailingCO 2 emissionsfromtheenergysector. renewableenergy,loweringoverallCO 2 emissions.Indevelopingcountries,coal alsocomingfromrenewables. 8

Figure4showsthedistributionofCO

2 emissionsamongthemainemitters:China emitterintheworld.

Figure4.PercentageofGlobalCO

2

EmissionsbyCountry/Region

inglobalCO 2 ofCO 2 8

InternationalEnergyAgency,16March2016

7 with17metrictonsofCO 2 emissionsperperson. 9 .Mostdevelopingcoun- 2 perperson,except

Trends and Projections for Global Climate

inthemid -nineteenthcentury(Figure 6).Inthe pasthundredyears,theglobal 2015.
10 year2015,whichinturnwasbrokenby2016, 11 whichwasabout1.1°Caboveprein- dustriallevels. 12

0.25°Cperdecadeby2020.

13 9 carbon-co2-emissions-by-country/ 10

UNsays",TheGuardian,February2,2015.

11 warmest-year-on-record-globally 12 temperature-record.html?_r=0 13 8 relativetothe1961-1990mean,May2016. aboutdoubletheglobalrate. 14

Figure7:ShrinkingArcticIceintheArctic

Credit:climate.gov

up-to-rates-not-seen-for-1000-years 14 9 anyofitsnamesakeglaciers. 15 16

Figure8.Sea-LevelRise,1880-2012

Source:IPCC,2014a

forrecentdata). 15 science_center_objects=0 16

NOAA,2012.

10 ing. 17 18 Resi- 19 17

Florida,"NewYorkTimes,November17,2016

18

NewYorkTimes,November17,2016.ibid.

19 2014

BOX2.PACIFICISLANDSDISAPPEARASOCEANSRISE

nextfewdecades. theshoresoftheworld'satolls.

March12,2012

11 22
nd century. 20 2 intheatmosphereresultsin oceanacidification.TheU.S.N ationalOceanicand AtmosphericAdministration finds: Aroundhalfofall carbondioxi deprod ucedbyhum anssincetheIndustrial theirprotectiveshellsandskeletons. 21
formarineecosystems. 22
climatechange. 23
shellfishindustry. 24
(Box3). 20

DeContoandPollard,2016.

21

NOAA,2010.

22

Years,"Reuters,March1,2012

23
24
2014.
12 25
sionsoccurs. 26
25
26

IPCC,2014b,pp.59-60.

BOX3.FORESTS,CLIMATECHANGE,ANDWILDFIRES

summers.Nowtheyare burningnearl yyear-roundintheWe sternUni ted The firesandinsectskeepsrising,the carbonthathasbeenloc kedawayin the ofglobalwarming - adangerousfeedbackloop. 13

0.3and4.8°C

Source:IPCC,2013

whichatmosphericconcentrationsofCO 2 andothergreenhousegasesareultimate- CO 2quotesdbs_dbs14.pdfusesText_20