7 déc 2017 · IMPORTANT NOTICE REGARDING JEPPESEN'S AIRWAY MANUAL AND VFR MANUAL EFFECTIVE Are Aeronautical Charts Required When Using Navigational Introduction of the "Altitude Window" on SID charts
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GENERAL
AIRWAY MANUAL
Issue Date 7 DEC 17
Content covered in the E-AWM General coverage is: BULLETINSINTRODUCTION
NAVDATA
ENROUTE
RADIO AIDS
METEOROLOGY
TABLES AND CODES
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
EMERGENCY
AIRPORT DIRECTORY
TERMINAL
IMPORTANT NOTICE REGARDING JEPPESEN'S AIRWAY MANUAL AND VFR MANUALEFFECTIVE August 14, 2014
This Notice may be modified by Jeppesen in its sole discretion. You should always review the most current version of the Notice each time you use this manual and any revisions thereto ("Manual") as it will be binding on you. This Manual has been developed to provide current information in the condensed form required for air navigation under instrument and/or visual flight conditions. Information contained in the copyrighted charts is independently available from publications of the appropriate governing authority and other third parties. This Manual is designed for use by experienced pilots who must be thoroughly familiar and com- petent with the navigation of aircraft. Airway Manual is for use by instrument-rated pilots and VFR Manual is for use by pilots flying under visual flight rules. The user of this Manual should also be thoroughly familiar with the introduction and legend materials which are contained in and/or avail- able for this Manual. Instrument and VFR procedures are designed, flight-tested, approved, authorized and prescribed by applicable governing authorities. In the United States, instrument flight procedures are incorpo- rated into FAR Part 97 as regulations. Jeppesen does not design or flight-check any of these pro- cedures, and Jeppesen has no authority to alter, modify, add to, or subtract from any flight proce- dure prescribed by a governing authority. Further, Jeppesen does not review or approve the ade- quacy, reliability, accuracy, safety or conformance with government standards of any government flight procedure, and it specifically has undertaken no such duty. Jeppesen's flight procedure charts simply depict in a graphic form convenient for the use of knowledgeable, instrument-rated pilots, the flight procedures exactly as designed, flight-tested and prescribed by government authorities. In addition, this Manual contains a wide variety of information useful to pilots which Jeppesen has obtained from many outside sources. Jeppesen has edited this source material, and has arranged and published it in a convenient, easy-to-use format.IMPORTANT NOTICE REGARDING JEPPESEN'S TRIP KIT
In the event this Manual was secured for one time use, without revision service, it will be consid- ered a "trip kit". The charts and pages in the trip kit are up-to-date at the time of issue but may become obsolete within a short time. Trip kits should be used immediately and a new trip kit should be purchased from Jeppesen for each subsequent trip. A trip kit is subject to the terms and conditions contained herein. IN THE INTEREST OF AIR SAFETY, JEPPESEN STRONGLY RECOMMENDS THAT THE ENTIRE TRIP KIT BE DESTROYED UPON COMPLETION OF THE TRIP FOR WHICH IT WAS PURCHASED. DO NOT USE OBSOLETE MATERIAL FOR NAVIGATION PURPOSES!WARNING
CHART RELATED ALERTS AND NOTICES ("ALERTS") ARE PUBLISHED ON JEPPESEN'S NOTICES AND ALERTS WEBPAGE ACCESSIBLE VIA WWW.JEPPESEN.COM. CHANGES MAY OCCUR AT ANY TIME AND YOU AGREE TO REGULARLY MONITOR JEPPESEN'S NOTICES AND ALERTS WEBPAGE AS APPROPRIATE FOR YOUR TYPE OF OPERATION.EXPRESS WARRANTY
JEPPESEN EXPRESSLY WARRANTS FOR YOUR SOLE BENEFIT THAT IT HAS ACCU- RATELY GRAPHICALLY DEPICTED THE FLIGHT PROCEDURES PRESCRIBED BY APPLI- CABLE GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES, AND THAT IT HAS ACCURATELY COMMUNICATED THE INFORMATION FROM OTHER SOURCES ON ITS MAPS AND CHARTS AS SUPPLE- MENTED AND/OR REPLACED BY ALERTS AS DESCRIBED ABOVE. THIS EXPRESS WAR- RANTY IS THE ONLY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARISING BY LAW OR OTHER- WISE, MADE BY JEPPESEN REGARDING THIS MANUAL. JEPPESEN WILL, AT ITS OPTION REPAIR OR REPLACE THE CHART OR REFUND THE MONEY PAID FOR THE CHART WHICH FAILS TO MEET THIS WARRANTY, PROVIDED HOWEVER JEPPESEN'S TOTAL LIABILITY FOR ANY CLAIM FOR BREACH OF THIS EXPRESS WARRANTY IS LIMITED TO GENERAL MONEY DAMAGES, NOT TO EXCEED THE TOTAL AMOUNT PAID BY YOU FOR AIRWAY MANUAL SERVICES IN THE THREE MONTHS IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING THE DATE THAT THE CLAIM AROSE OR, IN THE CASE OF A TRIP KIT, GENERAL MONEY DAM- AGES NOT TO EXCEED THE TOTAL AMOUNT PAID BY YOU FOR THE TRIP KIT. THIS SEC- TION STATES YOUR SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY FOR BREACH OF THIS WARRANTY. IF YOU PURCHASED THE MANUAL OR THE TRIP KIT FROM JEPPESEN GMBH IN GER- MANY, THE FOLLOWING APPLIES: THE FOREGOING WARRANTY WILL MEAN "GEWÄHR- LEISTUNG" AND WILL NOT BE CONSTRUED AS A "GARANTIE". § 443 OF THE GERMANCIVIL CODE. "BGB" DOES NOT APPLY.
DISCLAIMER
THE CONDITIONS, REPRESENTATIONS, GUARANTEES, OBLIGATIONS, LIABILITIES AND WARRANTIES (IF ANY) OF JEPPESEN AND YOUR REMEDIES SET FORTH HEREIN ARE EXCLUSIVE AND IN SUBSTITUTION FOR, AND YOU HEREBY WAIVE, RELEASE AND RENOUNCE, ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, CONDITIONS, REPRESENTATIONS, GUARAN- TEES, OBLIGATIONS AND LIABILITIES OF JEPPESEN, AND ANY OTHER RIGHTS, CLAIMS AND REMEDIES YOU MAY HAVE AGAINST JEPPESEN, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARISING BY LAW, EQUITY OR OTHERWISE, WITH RESPECT TO THIS NOTICE, THE MANUAL PRO- VIDED HEREUNDER AND ANY NONCONFORMANCE OR DEFECT IN THE DESIGN, ADE- QUACY, ACCURACY, RELIABILITY, SAFETY, OR CONFORMANCE WITH GOVERNMENT STANDARDS OR REGULATIONS OF THIS MANUAL INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO: (I) ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, SATISFACTORY QUALITY, OR FIT- NESS; (II) ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY ARISING FROM COURSE OF PERFORMANCE, COURSE OF DEALING OR USAGE OF TRADE; (III) ANY OBLIGATION, LIABILITY, RIGHT, CLAIM OR REMEDY IN STRICT LIABILITY OR TORT, WHETHER OR NOT ARISING FROM THE NEGLIGENCE OF JEPPESEN; AND (IV) ANY OBLIGATION, LIABILITY, RIGHT, CLAIM OR REMEDY FOR LOSS OF OR DAMAGE TO ANY OF YOUR PROPERTY, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY AIRCRAFT. JEPPESEN WILL HAVE NO OBLIGATION OR LIA- BILITY WHATSOEVER, (1) WHETHER ARISING IN LAW, EQUITY, CONTRACT (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTY), TORT (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE NEGLI- GENCE OF JEPPESEN), STRICT LIABILITY OR OTHERWISE AND (2) WHETHER SUCH LOSSES OR DAMAGES ARE DIRECT, INDIRECT OR OTHERWISE FOR LOSS OF USE, REVENUE, PROFIT, ANTICIPATED SAVINGS, BUSINESS VALUE, OPPORTUNITY OR GOODWILL OR FOR ANY INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, SPECIAL, EXEM-PLARY OR PURE ECONOMIC LOSSES OR DAMAGES.
COPYRIGHT
The copyright notices appearing in this Manual protect the charts, compilations of charts and data, and other copyrightable works embodied herein. Such protected works may not be copied, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, retransmitted in whole or in part, in any form or by any means, whether electrical, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. Material from the Australian Aeronautical Infor- mation Publication has been used by agreement with Airservices Australia.Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc.
Address:55 Inverness Drive East
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USA80112-5498
Tel:(303) 799-9090
PREFACE
BRIEFING BULLETINS
Are Aeronautical Charts Required When Using Navigational Databases?.............................13 ARE AERONAUTICAL CHARTS REQUIRED WHEN USING NAVIGATIONALDATABASES?................................................................................................................. 16
Nicosia FIR/UIR IATA Communications/Control Procedures..................................................19
Change of Altitude Depiction on SID/STAR Charts for Airports in the United Kingdom......... 22Multiple Approach Procedure Indicators.................................................................................25
United States Lower than Standard Take-Off Minimums - Changes to Jeppesen Charts.....28 Application of State NOTAMs to Jeppesen Aeronautical Charts and Database.....................31Airline Chart Enhancement.....................................................................................................32
Implementation of New Circling Criteria Based on TERPS 8260.3B Change 21....................36 Chart Design Enhancements for SIDs, STARs, Departures, and Arrivals..............................38 For Users of the Commercial Airline Format Chart (CAO) ONLY - LPV MinimumsAdded to RNAV Approach Procedures............................................................................41
CUSTOMER SERVICE BULLETINS
Jeppesen Alerts, Notices and Bulletins; Dissemination of Product-Related Information........44 Dissemination of Jeppesen Alerts Using Really Simple Syndication (RSS) FeedTechnology...................................................................................................................... 47
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Airport Qualification/Familiarization.........................................................................................52
Jeppesen Airway Manual versus EASA AIR OPS Annex III Part-ORO..................................54 ..........57Abbreviations Used in Airway Manual...................................................................................103
CHART LEGEND
Charting Symbols Legend.....................................................................................................127
Enroute Chart Legend...........................................................................................................137
SID/DP and STAR Chart Legend..........................................................................................146
Airport Chart Legend............................................................................................................
.154Approach Chart Legend........................................................................................................160
Chart Legend - EASA AIR OPS Aerodrome Operating Minimums (AOM)........................... 171CHART FORMAT DESCRIPTION INFORMATION
Approach Chart Legend Airline Format.................................................................................185
TABLE OF CONTENTS5
SIGNS AND MARKINGS
United States Airport Sign Systems......................................................................................191
United States Instrument Runway Markings.........................................................................201
ICAO Recommended Airport Signs, Runway and Taxiway Markings...................................203VISUAL DOCKING GUIDANCE SYSTEMS (VDGS)
Visual Docking Guidance Systems (VDGS)..........................................................................218
CHANGE NOTICES
NAVDATA CHANGE NOTICES
Aeronautical Information Compatibility..................................................................................246
NavData Identifiers on Jeppesen Charts.............................................................................. 249
NavData Name Conventions.................................................................................................251
NavData Change Notices Service.........................................................................................261
NavData Change Notices......................................................................................................262
ENROUTE
ENROUTE DATA - GENERAL
ARINC Services and Communications................................................................................. 267
ARINC Services..................................................................................................................
..269Stockholm Radio.................................................................................................................
..277Oceanic Long-Range Navigation Information.......................................................................279
Designators of ATS Routes and Its Use in Voice Communications......................................283
Company Operational Control...............................................................................................285
INMARSAT Security Numbers (Short Codes) and SATCOM Voice (PSTN)........................ 288RADIO AIDS
RADIO DATA - GENERAL
General Information.............................................................................................................
. 300Section 1. Navigation Aids....................................................................................................305
Section 2. Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) and Area Navigation (RNAV)................. 357Section 5. Surveillance Systems...........................................................................................370
Direction Finding Procedures................................................................................................402
Navigation Aids Legend........................................................................................................405
TABLE OF CONTENTS6
METEOROLOGY
METEOROLOGY SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATIONMeteorological Service for International Air Navigation - Annex 3........................................410
Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation / Model Charts and Forms -Annex 3.........................................................................................................................
.440 Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation / Model Charts - Annex 3................442 Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation / SIGMET Notations - Annex 3.......453 Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation / World Area Forecast - Annex 3....458 Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation / METAR and SPECI - Annex 3......472 Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation / Aircraft Observations - Annex 3... 496Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation / Forecast - Annex 3.......................503
Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation / SIGMET, AIRMET, WSW -Annex 3.........................................................................................................................
.532Aerodrome Weather Report..................................................................................................568
Aerodrome Weather Forecast...............................................................................................575
METEOROLOGICAL OPERATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK - EUROPE (RODEX) BROADCAST INFORMATION Encoding Scheme for Runway Conditions Disseminated through EUR-RODEX(European Regional OPMET Data Exchange).............................................................. 582
Aerodrome Pavement Condition Reports through SNOWTAM/RODEX...............................586TABLES AND CODES
TABLES AND CODES - REFERENCE INFORMATION
Reference Tables................................................................................................................
..602NOTAM REFERENCE INFORMATION
........648SNOWTAM REFERENCE INFORMATION
......664RADIO FREQUENCY AND TIME INFORMATION
Standard Time Signals..........................................................................................................672
SUNRISE AND SUNSET TABLES
SUNRISE AND SUNSET TABLES.......................................................................................675
TABLE OF CONTENTS7
DIALING CODES
International Dialing Procedures...........................................................................................682
TRUE TRACK TABLES
North Atlantic Crossing Tracks / Distances...........................................................................692
N. Hemisphere Initial Great Circle True Track And Distance Table For 10 DegreeChange In Longitude......................................................................................................707
Great Circle/True Track and Distance Table.........................................................................899
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
INTRODUCTION
....... 902 INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION - DEFINITIONSInternational Civil Aviation Organization - Definitions........................................................... 906
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION - FLIGHT PROCEDURESFlight Procedures (Doc 8168) - Air Traffic Control................................................................933
Flight Procedures (Doc 8168) - General Principles...............................................................934
Flight Procedures (Doc 8168) - Departure Procedures.........................................................944
Flight Procedures (Doc 8168) - Arrival and Approach Procedures.......................................956
Flight Procedures (Doc 8168) - En-route Criteria..................................................................994
Flight Procedures (Doc 8168) - Holding Procedures............................................................ 996
Flight Procedures (Doc 8168) - Noise Abatement Procedures...........................................1005
Flight Procedures (Doc 8168) - RNAV and Satellite-based................................................1016
Flight Procedures (Doc 8168) - Departure Procedures (RNAV).........................................1026
Flight Procedures (Doc 8168) - Arrival and Non-precision Approach Procedures..............1029 Flight Procedures (Doc 8168) - Approach Procedures with Vertical Guidance.................. 1036Flight Procedures (Doc 8168) - Precision Approach Procedures....................................... 1041
Flight Procedures (Doc 8168) - RNAV Holding...................................................................1042
Flight Procedures (Doc 8168) - Enroute............................................................................. 1044
Flight Procedures (DOC 8168) - Altimeter Setting Procedure............................................ 1045
Flight Procedures (DOC 8168) - Simultaneous Operations on Parallel or Near-parallel Instrument Runways........................................................................................1054
Flight Procedures (DOC 8168) - Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) TransponderOperating Procedures..................................................................................................1058
Flight Procedures (DOC 8168) - Operational Flight Information.........................................1062
Flight Procedures (DOC 8168) - Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and Checklists 1064 Flight Procedures (DOC 8168) - Operation of Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast In Traffic Display.........................................................................................1067
TABLE OF CONTENTS8
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION - RULES OF THE AIRICAO Rules of the Air - Annex 2......................................................................................... 1070
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION - ATS AIRSPACE CLASSIFICATIONS -ANNEX 11
ICAO ATS Airspace Classifications -- Annex 11.................................................................1116
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION - TIBA - ANNEX 11Traffic Information Broadcasts by Aircraft (TIBA)................................................................1120
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION - AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENTAir Traffic Management (Doc 4444)....................................................................................1125
Appendix 1 - Instructions for Air-Reporting by Voice Communications...............................1224
Appendix 2 - Flight Plan......................................................................................................1230
Appendix 4 - Air Traffic Incident Report..............................................................................1254
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION - AERONAUTICALTELECOMMUNICATIONS - ANNEX 10
Aeronautical Telecommunications......................................................................................1260
AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT - GENERAL DATA
Mach Number Technique....................................................................................................1265
AERODROME OPERATING MINIMUMS - EASA AIR OPERATIONSAerodrome Operating Minimums - EASA Air Operations................................................... 1269
EMERGENCY
EMERGENCY DATA - INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITYInternational Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).................................................................1302
AIRPORT DIRECTORY
AIRPORT DATA - GENERAL
Legend and Explanation..................................................................................................... 1326
ACN TABLES......................................................................................................................1338
TABLE OF CONTENTS9
TERMINAL
TERMINAL PROCEDURES - GENERAL INFORMATION
Vertical Descent Angle Reference Table............................................................................1420
Gradient To Rate Table.......................................................................................................1422
Hectopascal/Millibar Equivalent For Airport Elevation........................................................ 1430
TABLE OF CONTENTS10
Preface
Preface
Briefing Bulletins
As GPS navigation, flight management systems, computer flight maps, and computer flight plan- ning system have gained acceptance, avionics companies and software developers have added more and more features. Many of the systems available today make it all too easy to forget that paper enroute, departure, arrival and approach charts are still required and necessary for flight. Avionics systems, flight planning computer mapping systems, and associated databases do not provide all of the navigation information needed to conduct a legal and safe flight. They are not a substitute for current aeronautical charts. When flying with GPS, flight man- agement systems (FMS), or planning a flight with a computer, it is important to understand the limitations of the system you are using. Outlined below are a few of the most common situations where navigation databases do not contain all of the information needed: Not all instrument flight procedures can be coded into a navigation database. While the vast majority of the world's SID (DP), STAR and approach procedures can be coded, other pro- cedures cannot be adequately translated to computer code within the industry recommended standards. These "uncodeable" procedures are not included in the Jeppesen Master Database and are unavailable to systems using a navigation database. Procedures containing radar vec- tors and complicated contingent instructions are the most common ones that fall into this cate- gory. Furthermore, when using some systems, not all IFR navigation systems are certified to fly IFR approaches. If your avionics system is certified for IFR enroute and terminal navigation only, it will not include approaches. If it is certified to fly IFR approaches, it will only include those approaches that are authorized when using your particular avionics system. The storage size of many avionics systems prevent many procedures from being loaded into airborne databases. Additionally, an airline might decided to delete holding patterns or other types of information from their databases in favor of including other procedures such as approaches. Be sure you are knowledgeable about what types of information may or may not be in the airborne database you are using. Stepdown fixes between the Final Approach Fix (FAF) and Missed Approach Point (MAP) are not included in navigation databases. Stepdown fixes between the FAF and the MAP are not coded in the database because not all systems are capable of handling stepdown fixes. In some avionics systems, inclusion of a fix in the database between the FAF and MAP will cause, for example, a GPS Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) sensitivity to change prematurely from approach mode (0.3 nm) to terminal area mode (1 nm) at the stepdown fix, instead of the MAP. In the more complex flight management systems (FMS) with automated vertical navigation capabilities, the vertical path in the database is defined by an angle that provides a constant descent path clearing all stepdown fixes. Many systems, do not have an automated vertical guidance capability that follows the database vertical angle. When vertical guidance is not pro- vided, pilots must use methods depicted on the chart to identify the location of stepdown fixes on final approach, such as charted Along Track Distance (ATD) counted down on the GPS nav- igation system, or other conventional navaids such as VOR, DME, or NDB. •The amount of information included in any particular avionics system varies from model to model depending on its capabilities and available database memory. For example, many avion-ics systems have point-to-point navigation only. Civil aviation authorities define flight procedureBRIEFING BULLETINS13
ARE AERONAUTICAL CHARTS REQUIRED WHEN USING NAVIGATIONAL DATABASES? legs in terms that cause ground track changes with changing wind, temperature, weight and other factors. Jeppesen codes these legs into its master databases as defined by these civil aviation authorities, and provided for in ARINC 424, the industry standard for navigation data- bases. However, point-to-point navigation systems are generally not able to use route legs that are not defined by geographic points on the ground. In general, those legs are dropped in the process that converts ARINC 424 data to the unique configuration required for each specific navigation unit. Examples of commonly deleted leg types are: climb on runwayheading to an altitude, then turn; fly a heading to intercept an airway or radial; fly a DME arc, fly
a heading and expect radar vectors, etc. In such cases, direct flight from waypoint to waypointwill violate the charted procedure and potentially put your flight in danger. It is critical that all
legs of the procedure on the paper chart be flown as charted, with assistance from your avionics systems for those legs that go direct to a waypoint, and using "pilot nav" for other seg- ments. Always remember that the charted procedure represents the flight procedure as defined by the government regulatory authority, and the pilot is responsible for flying the procedure as charted. You may not be authorized to fly all procedures in your database. Databases include a small number of private airports, private approaches, and helicopter approaches. Although the Jeppesen master database contains codes identifying them as private or helicopter data, GPS and FMS navigation systems do not make that distinction. The procedures appear in the approach selection menus just like any standard, public use procedure. If you don't have a paper chart for it, you are not authorized to fly it. Some categories of controlled airspace are not in your database. If your system provides airspace mapping or warnings, only the most restrictive airspace is included in the database. Generally, that is Class B and Class C airspace. Class D, E and F airspace is not included. Class A airspace, although very restrictive, is also not included because it generally occupies such huge parcels of airspace that mapping it or providing warnings is of little practical value. Additionally, there may be other types of controlled and restrictive airspace that are not inclu- ded in various databases. The appropriate paper aeronautical charts should be used for these types of airspace. Not all altitudes are in your database: Approach minimum descent altitudes, approach deci- sion altitudes, minimum obstruction clearance altitudes, minimum reception altitudes, minimum safe altitudes, minimum sector altitudes and minimum crossing altitudes are not in your data- base. Most avionics systems do not include any airway altitudes. GPS, FMSs, computer mapping and computer flight planning systems are key elements in thefuture of navigation. It is important to understand that they are still "works in progress." GPS navi-
gation systems generally do not have all of the capabilities of the more sophisticated FMSs on larger aircraft, and even those systems have limitations. It is reasonable to assume that many of the limitations of both systems will be overcome in the years ahead. Until then, we must under- stand and operate within the capabilities and limitations of today's systems. In summary, please remember: •Always fly IFR flight procedures as charted. DO NOT follow the database point-to-point without reference to the chart.BRIEFING BULLETINS14
ARE AERONAUTICAL CHARTS REQUIRED WHEN USING NAVIGATIONAL DATABASES? •Be aware that your database may not contain every SID (DP), STAR and approach procedure. •Be aware that your database may not contain every leg or segment of the procedure you are flying. •Not everything you need is in your database.•Always confirm that the waypoint or navaid you retrieve from the database is at the location you
intended. •GPS, FMS, and electronic map displays with associated databases are not a substitute for cur- rent aeronautical charts. Every navigation system operates differently. Please refer to the Pilot's Operating Handbook and your avionics manufacturer for specific information on the features, capabilities and limitations of your avionics system.